Marie-Claude Vohl

Mostafa Badr

Stefan Wieczorek

Genetic Variation of PPARs

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M1" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5&#xA;t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> (<i  >PPARG</i>) gene have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, particularly obesity and diabetes. We assessed the relationship between 4 <i  >PPARG</i> SNPs (C-681G, C-689T, Pro12Ala, and C1431T) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the PRIME (249 cases/494 controls, only men) and ADVANCE (1,076 cases/805 controls, men or women) studies. In PRIME, homozygote individuals for the minor allele of the <i  >PPARG</i> C-689T, Pro12Ala, and C1431T SNPs tended to have a higher risk of CHD than homozygote individuals for the frequent allele (adjusted OR [95&#x25; CI] = 3.43 [0.96&#x2013;12.27], <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M2" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>, 3.41 [0.95&#x2013;12.22], <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M3" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x36" d="M137 343l67 33q37 17 63 17q79 0 129.5 -53t50.5 -131q0 -92 -58 -156.5t-147 -64.5t-147 68t-58 182q0 63 17 119t43 95.5t61.5 72t69 52t67.5 31.5q62 22 128 33l6 -32q-56 -11 -108 -35q-149 -71 -184 -231zM227 337q-47 0 -95 -27q-6 -23 -6 -70q0 -93 36 -155.5&#xA;t96 -62.5q53 0 78 45.5t25 105.5q0 68 -35 116t-99 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g>

		
	
</svg> and 5.10 [0.99&#x2013;26.37], <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M4" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g>

		
	
</svg>, resp.). No such association could be detected in ADVANCE. Haplotype distributions were similar in cases and control in both studies. A meta-analysis on the Pro12Ala SNP, based on our data and 11 other published association studies (6,898 CHD cases/11,287 controls), revealed that there was no evidence for a significant association under the dominant model (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:71px;" id="M5" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x4F" d="M381 665q131 0 226.5 -93t95.5 -239q0 -158 -96 -253t-238 -95q-137 0 -231 95t-94 238q0 142 92.5 244.5t244.5 102.5zM359 629q-89 0 -151 -74.5t-62 -208.5q0 -141 69 -233t175 -92q90 0 150.5 74t60.5 211q0 152 -69 237.5t-173 85.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><path id="x52" d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144&#xA;q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5&#xA;q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>

		
	
</svg>
 [0.92&#x2013;1.07], <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M6" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>). However, there was a borderline association under the recessive model (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:71px;" id="M7" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>

		
	
</svg> [0.99&#x2013;1.67], <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:50.549999px;" id="M8" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.549999 11.375" width="50.549999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x36"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) that became significant when considering men only (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.20473pt;width:71px;" id="M9" height="11.6875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 71 11.6875" width="71"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x4F"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.608,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x52"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,27.872,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.576,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.736,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.611,11.363)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.771,11.363)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> [1.20&#x2013;2.48], <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M10" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). In conclusion, the <i  >PPARG</i> Ala12Ala genotype might be associated with a higher CHD risk in men but further confirmation studies are needed.

Jean Dallongeville

Carlos Iribarren

Jean Ferri&#xe8;res

Liisa Lyon

Alun Evans

Alan S. Go

Dominique Arveiler

Stephen P. Fortmann

Pierre Ducimeti&#xe8;re

Mark A. Hlatky

Philippe Amouyel

Audrey Southwick

Thomas Quertermous

Aline Meirhaeghe

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Polymorphisms and Coronary Heart Disease

The PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M3" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg> gene encodes for at least 7 unique transcripts due to alternative splicing of five exons in the <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M4" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-untranslated region (UTR). The translated region is encoded by exons 1&#x2013;6, which are identical in all isoforms. This study investigated the role of the <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M5" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTR in regulating the efficiency with which the message is translated to protein. A coupled <i  >in vitro</i> transcription-translation assay demonstrated that PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M6" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>1, -<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M7" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>2, and -<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M8" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>5 are efficiently translated, whereas PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M9" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>4 and -<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M10" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>7 are poorly translated. An <i  >in vivo</i> reporter gene assay using each <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M11" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTR upstream of the firefly luciferase gene showed that the <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M12" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTRs for PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M13" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>1, -<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M14" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>2, and -<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M15" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>4 enhanced translation, whereas the <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M16" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTRs for PPAR-<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M17" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>5 and -<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M18" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FE"/></g>

		
	
</svg>7 inhibited translation. Models of RNA secondary structure, obtained by the mfold software, were used to explain the mechanism of regulation by each <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M19" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTR. In general, it was found that the translational efficiency was inversely correlated with the stability of the mRNA secondary structure, the presence of base-pairing in the consensus Kozak sequence, the number of start codons in the <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M20" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTR, and the length of the <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:12.4375px;" id="M21" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><use xlink:href="#x2032"/></g>

		
	
</svg>-UTR. A better understanding of posttranscriptional regulation of translation will allow modulation of protein levels without altering transcription.

Shawn McClelland

Roopali Shrivastava

Jheem D. Medh

Regulation of Translational Efficiency by Disparate <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" height="17.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 12.4375 17.9125" width="12.4375" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,17.65)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,8.225,9.488)"><path id="x2032" d="M227 744l-123 -338l-31 15l73 368q12 3 41.5 -8t36.5 -20z" /></g></svg>-UTRs of PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5&#xA;t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /></g></svg> Splice Variants

Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma2 (PPAR<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B3;</mml:mi></mml:math>2) represents the transcriptional master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and therefore has been suggested as a candidate gene for obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. The objective of the study was to investigate for the first time the potential association of the most common variant Pro12Ala (p.P12A) substitution of the <i>PPAR</i><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B3;</mml:mi></mml:math>2 gene with body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, plasma total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and plasma triglyceride in a sample of 202 (138 females and 64 male) type 2 diabetic Palestinians. Genotyping of the <i>PPAR</i><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B3;</mml:mi></mml:math>2 p.P12A polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The A12 allele was associated with lower fasting plasma glucose (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>.03</mml:mn></mml:math>) but had no influence on blood pressure, BMI, or other metabolic parameters. In obese patients, the p.P12A substitution was associated with elevated total plasma cholesterol levels (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>.02</mml:mn></mml:math>) and a tendency toward increased LDL cholesterol level (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>.06</mml:mn></mml:math>). In conclusion, the p.P12A variant of the <i>PPAR</i><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B3;</mml:mi></mml:math>2 may influence cardiovascular risk through effects on lipid metabolism in obese T2D Palestinian patients.

S. Ereqat

A. Nasereddin

K. Azmi

Z. Abdeen

R. Amin

Impact of the Pro12Ala Polymorphism of the PPAR-Gamma 2 Gene on Metabolic and Clinical Characteristics in the Palestinian Type 2 Diabetic Patients

The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M2" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>) is an important transcription factor regulating adipocyte differentiation, lipid and glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Numerous genetic mutations of PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M3" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg> have been identified and these mutations positively or negatively regulate insulin sensitivity. Among these, a relatively common polymorphism of PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M4" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>, Pro12Ala of PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M5" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>2, the isoform expressed only in adipose tissue has been shown to be associated with lower body mass index, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and resistance to the risk of type 2 diabetes in human subjects carrying this mutation. Subsequent studies in different ethnic populations, however, have revealed conflicting results, suggesting a complex interaction between the PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M6" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and environmental factors such as the ratio of dietary unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and/or between the PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M7" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and genetic factors such as polymorphic mutations in other genes. In addition, this polymorphic mutation in PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-2.34499pt;width:8.0625px;" id="M8" height="9.9375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.0625 9.9375" width="8.0625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,9.9375)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-64.05)">
			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-71.95,66.44)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">𝛾</tspan>
			</text>

		</g>
	</g>
</svg>2 is associated with other aspects of human diseases, including cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, Alzheimer disease and aging. This review will highlight findings from recent studies.

Weimin He

<svg style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt" height="21.1875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 102.2125 21.1875" width="102.2125" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,16.7)"><path id="x50" d="M46 650h247q112 0 169 -41q64 -49 64 -141q0 -91 -56.5 -143t-138.5 -62q-23 -3 -45 -1l-74 19v-157q0 -63 15.5 -77t83.5 -19v-28h-271v28q60 5 74 20t14 77v400q0 65 -12.5 79t-69.5 18v28zM212 559v-245q31 -12 73 -12q59 0 102 38t43 124q0 77 -42.5 115.5&#xA;t-108.5 38.5q-44 0 -56 -12q-11 -8 -11 -47z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,9.548,16.7)"><use xlink:href="#x50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,17.673,16.7)"><path id="x41" d="M673 0h-245v28q47 6 58 16t1 39l-55 154h-213q-31 -87 -36 -129q-16 -47 -5 -61t68 -19v-28h-226v28q50 7 68.5 23.5t43.5 80.5l214 524l24 9l193 -536q23 -63 41.5 -79.5t68.5 -21.5v-28zM418 280l-81 255h-2q-74 -197 -101 -255h184z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,29.419,16.7)"><path id="x52" d="M631 18l-4 -26q-24 0 -35 1q-57 3 -92.5 23t-69.5 68q-21 30 -101 160q-13 22 -30.5 31t-54.5 9h-32v-159q0 -63 14 -77.5t74 -19.5v-28h-262v28q62 5 76 19.5t14 77.5v402q0 62 -13 76t-73 19v28h248q109 0 159 -34q67 -42 67 -131q0 -115 -127 -172q27 -52 89 -144&#xA;q49 -71 81 -104q31 -36 72 -47zM212 316h48q73 0 108 29q55 42 55 124q0 76 -42 112t-104 36q-41 0 -54 -10q-11 -7 -11 -44v-247z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,39.976,16.7)"><path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5&#xA;t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,48.492,16.7)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,56.65,8.537)"><use xlink:href="#x50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,63.254,8.537)"><path id="x72" d="M181 342h2q63 107 121 107q24 0 41 -16t17 -34q0 -34 -32 -49q-17 -7 -26 2q-21 20 -43 20q-20 0 -42 -22t-38 -63v-183q0 -50 12.5 -62t69.5 -16v-26h-230v26q47 5 58 17t11 61v207q0 49 -9 60.5t-53 16.5v23q74 12 141 40v-109z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,67.514,8.537)"><path id="x6F" d="M257 449q92 0 154 -65t62 -158q0 -112 -67 -175t-150 -63q-98 0 -158.5 66.5t-60.5 154.5q0 59 21 106.5t54.5 75.5t71 43t73.5 15zM244 416q-48 0 -81 -47t-33 -128q0 -96 38 -158t99 -62q51 0 82 43.5t31 139.5q0 91 -36 151.5t-100 60.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,73.582,8.537)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,79.293,8.537)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,85.005,8.537)"><use xlink:href="#x41"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,93.251,8.537)"><path id="x6C" d="M238 0h-223v26q48 5 60 17t12 61v473q0 50 -10.5 60.5t-58.5 15.5v24q73 8 148 35v-608q0 -49 11.5 -61t60.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,96.297,8.537)"><path id="x61" d="M433 39l-85 -51q-27 0 -47 20q-16 16 -24 44q-5 -3 -24 -16.5t-27 -18.5t-23 -13.5t-25 -12t-19 -3.5q-52 0 -86 36.5t-34 85.5q0 71 81 99q128 43 155 65v17q0 54 -23 83.5t-62 29.5q-28 0 -45 -19t-29 -66q-7 -23 -29 -23q-15 0 -29 13t-14 30t31 40q25 19 68.5 40.5&#xA;t81.5 29.5q49 0 82 -27q45 -39 45 -123v-185q0 -60 35 -60q18 0 36 11zM275 84v156q-12 -6 -49 -23t-41 -19q-31 -14 -46 -31t-15 -43q0 -35 22.5 -55.5t48.5 -20.5q19 0 42 10.5t38 25.5z" /></g></svg> Polymorphism and Human Health

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) involved intensive diabetes therapy of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for an average period of 6.5 years. A subset of these subjects gained excessive weight. We tested for association of polymorphisms in 8 candidate genes with the above trait. We found the Gly482Ser polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M2" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5&#xA;t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> coactivator-1<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M3" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

		
	
</svg> (PGC1<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M4" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

		
	
</svg>) to be significantly associated with weight gain in males (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M5" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5&#xA;t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8&#xA;l-26 -65h-233z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>) but not in females. The Ser allele was associated with greater weight gain than the Gly allele (<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M6" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,34.162,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>

		
	
</svg>). Subjects with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were more common among those who gained excessive weight. We conclude that T2DM and the Gly482Ser polymorphism in PGC1<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M7" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

		
	
</svg> contribute to the effect of intensive diabetes therapy on weight gain in males with T1DM.

Samir S. Deeb

John D. Brunzell

The Role of the PGC1<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
		<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)">
			<path id="x1D6FC" d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204
q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z"/>
		</g>
	</svg> Gly482Ser Polymorphism in Weight Gain due to Intensive Diabetes Therapy

Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) have the potential to regulate gene
expression via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor <svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M2" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg> (PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M3" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg>);
                    therefore, genetic variations in this gene may
                    impact its
transcriptional activity on target genes. It is hypothesized that
the transcriptional activity by wild-type L162-PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M4" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg> is enhanced
to a greater extent than the mutated variant (V162-PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M5" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg>) in the
presence of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA) or a mixture of EPA:DHA. To examine the functional
difference of the two allelic variants on receptor activity,
transient co-transfections were performed in human hepatoma HepG2
cells activated with EPA, DHA and EPA:DHA mixtures. Results
indicate that the addition of EPA or DHA demonstrate potential to
increase the transcriptional activity by PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M6" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg> with respect to
basal level in both variants. Yet, the EPA:DHA mixtures enhanced
the transcriptional activity to a greater extent than individual
FAs indicating possible additive effects of EPA and DHA.
Additionally, the V162 allelic form of PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M7" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg> demonstrated
consistently lower transcriptional activation when incubated with
EPA, DHA or EPA:DHA mixtures than, the wild-type variant. In
conclusion, both allelic variants of the PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M8" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    
        
            <g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><use xlink:href="#x1D6FC"/></g>

        
    
</svg> L162V are activated
by omega-3 FAs; however, the V162 allelic form displays a lower
transcriptional activity than the wild-type variant.

Iwona Rudkowska

Mélanie Verreault

Olivier Barbier

Differences in Transcriptional Activation by the Two Allelic (L162V Polymorphic) Variants of PPAR<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
		<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)">
			<path id="x1D6FC" d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204&#xD;&#xA;q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z" />
		</g>
	</svg> after Omega-3 Fatty Acids Treatment

A major genomic region involved in Wegener&#x27;s granulomatosis includes the gene for retinoid receptor beta (<i  >RXRB</i>) which forms heterodimers with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). It is unclear whether this association directly arises from the <i  >RXRB</i> allele(s) or via a linked variation.
In order to reveal any hitherto unknown and potentially disease-relevant variation of the <i  >RXRB</i> gene, we have genotyped four tagging SNPs of this genomic region and have directly sequenced selected WG patients and controls representing disease-associated haplotypes. Additionally, we have genotyped 2 SNPs each in the genes for PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:9.7749996px;" id="M1" height="7.9499998" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 9.7749996 7.9499998" width="9.7749996"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FC" d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204&#xA;q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> and PPAR<svg     style="vertical-align:-3.56265pt;width:8.6374998px;" id="M2" height="12.175" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 8.6374998 12.175" width="8.6374998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,7.675)"><path id="x1D6FE" d="M478 372q0 -39 -31 -97t-61 -98t-78 -98q-45 -55 -73 -102q-13 -79 -13 -197q-11 -11 -43.5 -25.5t-53.5 -15.5l-15 17q5 35 26 101.5t47 123.5q8 72 -1.5 174.5t-37.5 178.5q-14 37 -29 37q-20 0 -67 -65l-25 21q37 60 73 90.5t63 30.5q47 0 72 -112q13 -56 17.5 -141.5&#xA;t0.5 -143.5h2q155 193 155 297q0 26 -12 47q-5 8 -5 15q0 16 12.5 27t29.5 11q21 0 34 -21t13 -55z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> (<i  >PPARA</i> and <i  >PPARG</i>). Hence, we confirmed the strong association of the <i  >RXRB</i> locus with WG but could not reveal any novel variation in <i  >RXRB</i>. None of the <i  >PPARA</i> and <i  >PPARG</i> SNPs showed association with WG. Moreover, no epistatic effect was seen between <i  >RXRB</i> and <i  >PPARA</i>/<i  >PPARG</i> alleles. 
These results do not support an etiopathological role of PPAR in WG. Analyses of further genes functionally linked to RXRB may provide additional data useful to evaluate the <i  >RXRB</i> association found in WG.

Silvia Knaup

Wolfgang L. Gross

Jörg T. Epplen

Genetic Variability of RXRB, PPARA, and PPARG in Wegener's Granulomatosis

About this journal

<p><em>PPAR Research</em> publishes articles related to mechanisms involved in the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, as well as their role in regulation of cellular differentiation, development, energy homeostasis and metabolic function.</p>


Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

<p>Chief Editor, Dr Xiao-Jie Lu, is dedicated to basic and translational research on liver diseases. His research at Nanjing Medical University, China, focuses&nbsp;on exploring these diseases' underlying mechanisms that may be translatable to novel diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets.</p>


Editor spotlight

Submit your proposal

Do you think there is an emerging area of research that really needs to be highlighted? Or an existing research area that has been overlooked or would benefit from deeper investigation? Raise the profile of a research area by leading a Special Issue.

Special Issues

Author guidelines

Editorial board

Databases and indexing

title

PPAR Research publishes articles related to mechanisms involved in the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, as well as their role in regulation of cellular differentiation, development, energy homeostasis and metabolic function.

description

https://images.hindawi.com/journals/ppar/ppar.banner.jpg

twitter:card

twitter:description

twitter:site

twitter:title

twitter:url

twitter:image

PPAR Research | Hindawi

PPAR Research

<p>This Issue is now open for submissions.</p>
<p>Papers are published upon acceptance, regardless of the Special Issue publication date.</p>


PPAR Research

Genetic Variation of PPARs

Genetic Variation of PPARs

Articles