Recognition of Dual or Multiple Pathology in Skin Biopsies from Patients with HIV/AIDS

Table 1

Overview of the potential spectrum of dual or multiple pathology in skin biopsies from patients with HIV/AIDS.

Pathology	Reference(s)
Dual noninfective dermatoses
PPE & nodular prurigo	[1, 6]
Papular mucinosis & eczematous; dermatitis	[1, 6–8]
Dual infections
HSV & CMV	[9–11]
BA & CMV	[12]
Mucormycosis & CMV	[13]
Acanthamoebiasis & CMV	U
Pneumocystosis & S. aureus; (botryomycosis)	[18]
Pneumocystosis & cryptococcosis	[19]
MAI & BA	[5, 20]
Dual infective and noninfective dermatoses
Histoplasmosis & erythema multiforme	U
Folliculitis & interface dermatitis	U
Neoplasia in association with infection
KS & cryptococcosis	[3, 4, 23–25]
KS & Histoplasma capsulatum infection	[28]
KS & Candida infection	[29]
KS & MAI infection	[33–35]
KS & Tb	[3, 37]
KS & CMV	[3, 38]
KS & molluscum contagiosum	[3, 40]
NHL & MAI infection	[35]
(KS & BA*)	[30, 32]
Neoplasia in association with noninfective dermatoses
KS & incidental interface dermatitis	[1, 6]
KS & acquired ichthyosis	[41]
Dual neoplastic lesions
KS & penile squamous cell carcinoma in situ	[41]
Multiple pathology
MAI infection, KS, & cryptococcosis	[26]
BA, MAI, & CMV	[47, 48]
MAI & CMV & Tb	[49]
S. aureus, CMV, & Mycobacterium spp.	[50]
VZV infection, LCV, & KS	[1]

PPE: pruritic papular eruption of HIV; HSV: herpes simplex virus; CMV: cytomegalovirus; BA: bacillary angiomatosis; U: hitherto unreported; MAI: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; Tb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; KS: Kaposi sarcoma; NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma; VZV: varicella-zoster virus; LCV: leucocytoclastic vasculitis.
*Recorded concurrently in the same patient, but not in the same histological specimen.