[Retracted] Oral Carcinogenesis and Oral Cancer Chemoprevention: A Review

Table 1

Potential biomarkers for oral carcinogenesis.

Category of biomarkers	Measurements
Genomic	Micronuclei, DNA adduct, DNA content, Chromosomal aberration
Oncogenic	Oncogenic expression, Modified tumor suppressor genes, Src genes
Proliferation	Nuclear and cyclin related antigens, Mitotic frequency, Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), Polyamines
Differentiation	Cytokeratins, Transglutaminase Type I, Transcription factor (AP)-1
Oxidative stress	Glutathione S-transferase, Stress proteins (HSPs), Superoxide dismutase
Apoptosis	Bcl-2 family, Chromatin condensation factors, Caspases, Mitochondrial pathway
Immunologic	Various cytokines