Molecular Characteristics of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Table 2

The 12 commonly affected signaling pathways in PDAC accompanied by the most commonly affected genes from these pathways.

Regulatory pathway	Affected genes
Apoptosis	TP53
DNA damage repair	TP53
G1/S transition	CDKN2A/p16, CyclinD
Cell-cell adhesion
Regulation of invasion
Integrin signaling
Homophilic cell adhesion	CDH1
Embryonic signaling
Notch pathway
Hedgehog pathway
Wnt pathway
MAPK signaling
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
ERK	KRAS2
TGF-β signaling	SMAD4