Local Anesthetic Wound Infiltration after Osteosynthesis of Extracapsular Hip Fracture Does Not Reduce Pain or Opioid Requirements: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial in 49 Patients

Figure 1

Flowchart of eligible patients. ^aFive patients were transferred to other hospitals for osteosynthesis before randomization. ^bFour patients did not receive the allocated intervention. Four patients expected to undergo osteosynthesis with a sliding hip screw were converted to intramedullary nailing. One patient received a femoralis nerve block. One patient was excluded because of significant knee pain caused by the trauma. One patient did not understand the concept of patient-controlled analgesia. Two patients were transferred to surgery in other hospitals. ^cFour patients did not receive the allocated intervention. One patient received regularly administered opioids and not on demand. One patient accidently removed his catheter. One patient developed delirium before surgery. One patient had insufficient reposition of the fracture and had a re-operation. One patient was transferred to surgery in another hospital. Three patients expected to undergo osteosynthesis with a sliding hip screw were converted to intramedullary nailing.