Arnica/Hydroxyethyl Salicylate Combination Spray for Ankle Distortion: A Four-Arm Randomised Double-Blind Study

Table 2

Unadjusted and adjusted intergroup differences for pain on motion versus baseline at day 3-4. A = combination; B = arnica; C = HES; D = control.

Group comparison	Relative difference (mm VAS)	95% CI	P-value*
Unadjusted baseline values (confirmatory analysis at day 3-4, ITT)
A versus B	12.1	8.0–16.2	5.6×10^−8
A versus C	7.5	4.7–10.4	3.3×10^−7
A versus D	18.7	14.8–22.5	3.0×10^−16
Adjusted baseline values (descriptive analysis at day 3-4, ITT)
A versus B	15.2	10.9–19.4	1.4×10^−11
A versus C	9.7	6.9–12.6	4.8×10^−11
A versus D	24.8	20.4–29.1	3.9×10^−24

*2-tailed 𝑡-test for equality of means for unadjusted values, ANCOVA for adjusted values.