Review Article
Phantom Limb Pain: Mechanisms and Treatment Approaches
Table 3
Treatments for phantom limb pain.
| Pharmacotherapy | Surgical/invasive procedures | Adjuvant therapy |
| Opioids | Stump revision | Transcutaneous nerve stimulation | Morphine | Nerve block | Mirror therapy | Tramadol | Neurectomy | Biofeedback | Tricyclic Antidepressants | Rhizotomy | Temperature biofeedback | Amitriptyline | Cordotomy | Electro myographic biofeedback | Nortriptyline | Lobectomy | Massage | Imipramine | Sympathectomy | Ultrasound | Desipramine | CNS stimulation | Physiotherapy | AntiConvulsants | Spinal cord stimulation | Sensory discrimination training | Carbamazepine | Deep brain/thalamus stimulation | Prosthesis training | Oxcarbazepine | Cortical stimulation | Cognitive behavioral pain management | Gabapentin | | Electroconvulsive therapy | Pregabalin | | | Sodium channel blockers | | | Lidocaine | | | Bupivacaine | | | Mexiletine | | | NMDA receptor antagonist | | | Memantine | | | Ketamine | | |
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Adapted from [4, 41].
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