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| (1) | Dual extrinsic afferent system |
| (2) | Convergence of afferents on somatic and other visceral afferents within the spinal cord |
| (3) | Widely overlapping receptive fields |
| (4) | Dichotomization of fibers where a single neuron innervates two viscera |
| (5) | Collateral activation of autonomic and enteric nervous system |
| (6) | Larger cell bodies within dorsal root ganglia |
| (7) | Wide overlapping receptor fields |
| (8) | Lack of specialized nerve terminals |
| (9) | First-order afferents arborize over several spinal segments |
| (10) | Greater expression of transient receptor potential (TRPV1), sodium (Na 1.8), acid (ASIC3) ion channels, and calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP) |
| (11) | Limited number of stimulus responses (distension, ischemia, and inflammation) |
| (12) | More discrete location of first-order terminals within the spinal cord (superficial dorsal horn, lamina V, and central) |
| (13) | Afferents ascend with parasympathetic and sympathetic neuronal projections |
| (14) | Viscerovisceral hyperalgesia and hypersensitivity |
| (15) | Visceromotor responses and referred pain to somatic sites innervated by the samespinal cord level |
| (16) | Second-order afferents ascend in the dorsal column |
| (17) | Nonsomatotopically arranged input in dorsal column and central lateral thalamus unlike the lateral spinothalamics |
| (18) | Poor representation in S1 cortex |
| (19) | Greater emotional and autonomic responses to pain than somatic pain |
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