Can Fluctuations in Vital Signs Be Used for Pain Assessment in Critically Ill Patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury?
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics and medical variables of study participants involved in initial data collection () and subsample involved in a second data collection ()
Variables
Participants involved in initial data collection ()
Subsample involved in a second data collection ()
Age median (min–max)
58 (17–87)
39 (18–77)
Gender (%)
Male
30 (66.7%)
8 (61.5%)
Female
15 (33.3%)
5 (38.5%)
Ethnicity (%)
Caucasian
37 (82.2%)
10 (76.9%)
Black
2 (4.4%)
1 (7.7%)
Hispanic
2 (4.4%)
—
First nation
2 (4.4%)
2 (14.4%)
Other
2 (4.4%)
—
Cause of TBI (%)
Fall
27 (60.0%)
4 (30.8%)
Motor vehicle (MV) accident
9 (20.0%)
5 (38.5%)
Struck by MV
5 (11.1%)
2 (15.4%)
Assault
2 (4.4%)
1 (7.7%)
Other
2 (4.4%)
1 (7.7%)
TBI severity (%)
Mild
6 (13.3%)
—
Moderate
15 (33.3%)
—
Severe
24 (53.3%)
13 (100.0%)
TBI localisation area (%)
Frontal
12 (26.7%)
3 (23.08%)
Temporal
12 (26.7%)
1 (7.69%)
Frontotemporal
10 (22.2%)
6 (46.15%)
Temporoparietal
8 (17.7%)
2 (15.38%)
Occipital
3 (6.7%)
1 (7.69%)
LOC category (%)
Unconscious
8 (17.8%)
—
Altered LOC
21 (46.7%)
4 (30.8%)
Conscious
16 (35.6%)
9 (69.2%)
APACHE II score median (min–max)
14 (6–25)
17 (9–25)
ISS score median (min–max)
9 (9–34)
9 (9–25)
RASS score median (min–max)
−3 (−4 to 1)
−4 (−4 to −2)
APACHE II indicates acute physiology and chronic health evaluation. ISS indicates injury severity score. RASS indicates Richmond agitation sedation scale.
