Can Fluctuations in Vital Signs Be Used for Pain Assessment in Critically Ill Patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury?

Table 3

Main effects and interaction effects of assessment periods and procedures on participants’ (𝑁=45) mean fluctuations in vital signs at initial data collection.

Conditions	Mauchly’s test for sphericity	Two-way RM ANOVA
	𝑊	𝐹 (Sphericity assumed)	𝐹 (Greenhouse-Geisser)
Assessment periods—3 levels (before, during, and 15 min after)
Systolic	0.889	0.241	—
Diastolic	0.867	6.087**	—
MAP	0.808*	—	2.977
HR	0.917	3.566*	—
RR	0.896	6.228**	—
SpO2	0.286*	—	5.740*
End-tidal CO2	0.959	1.127	—
ICP	0.836	3.776*	—
Procedures—2 levels (NIBP-turning)
Systolic	NA	0.391	—
Diastolic	NA	1.062	—
MAP	NA	0.471	—
HR	NA	0.040	—
RR	NA	3.872*	—
SpO2	NA	0.853	—
End tidal CO2	NA	0.127	—
ICP	NA	3.956	—
Interactions (assessment periods × procedures)
Systolic	0.849*	—	0.235
Diastolic	0.972	0.735	—
MAP	0.901	0.901	—
HR	0.881	2.091	—
RR	0.941	8.025***	—
SpO2	0.270*	—	2.307
End tidal CO2	0.840	0.423	—
ICP	0.385*	—	6.092*

^∗𝑃≤0.05; ^∗∗𝑃≤0.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃≤0.001.
NA indicates nonapplicable.