Can Fluctuations in Vital Signs Be Used for Pain Assessment in Critically Ill Patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury?

Table 5

Description and comparison of mean fluctuations in vital signs recorded during turning of participants with different LOC at initial and second data collections.

Vital signs	Participants involved in initial data collection (𝑁=45)						Subsample involved in a second data collection (𝑛=13)
	Unconscious GCS≤8  (𝑛=8)		Altered GCS from 9 to 12 (𝑛=21)		Conscious GCS≥13  (𝑛=16)		Altered GCS from 9 to 12  (𝑛=4)		Conscious GCS≥13  (𝑛=9)
	Mean (SD)	𝑡	Mean (SD)	𝑡	Mean (SD)	𝑡	Mean (SD)	𝑡	Mean (SD)	𝑡
Systolic	−2.74 (18.11)	0.370	2.61 (16.04)	−0.747	−1.93 (12.37)	0.603	1.74 (14.90)	NA	4.22 (10.97)	−1.089
Diastolic	3.30 (8.45)	−0.874	2.45 (9.92)	−1.134	4.21 (12.68)	−1.286	−0.48 (4.05)	NA	5.14 (10.87)	−1.336
MAP	1.53 (11.25)	−0.332	3.36 (10.57)	−1.454	1.91 (9.73)	−0.762	4.49 (11.80)	NA	6.35 (15.01)	−1.197
HR	1.30 (2.86)	−1.202	1.02 (5.19)	−0.900	6.27 (5.93)	−3.815**	−0.17 (1.18)	NA	1.42 (12.93)	−0.310
RR	1.80 (3.83)	−1.150	2.52 (4.18)	−2.558*	9.89 (9.03)	−3.466**	−0.48 (5.60)	NA	1.77 (7.06)	−0.708
SpO2	−1.09 (1.27)	2.275	−0.45 (1.05)	1.959	−0.06 (0.92)	0.229	−0.46 (0.09)	NA	0.41 (1.04)	−1.037
End-tidal CO2	0.84 (2.20)	−0.940	1.44 (2.48)	−1.235	−2.37 (5.37)	1.324	7.84 (12.20)	NA	4.60 (2.98)	−3.087
ICP^Ψ	5.03 (4.04)	−2.783*	3.11 (8.27)	−1.188	—	—	—	—	—	—

^∗𝑃≤0.05; ^∗∗𝑃≤0.01; ^∗∗∗𝑃≤0.001.
ΨICP was available in 16 participants during initial data collection.