Can Fluctuations in Vital Signs Be Used for Pain Assessment in Critically Ill Patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury?

Table 6

Mean vital signs’ fluctuations observed during turning procedure in participants who reported the presence or absence of pain.

	Absence of pain; during turning; (𝑛=4)	Presence of pain; during turning; (𝑛=9)
Vital signs mean (SD)
Systolic	−3.68 (18.20)	1.39 (14.61)
Diastolic	10.64 (13.42)	4.73 (15.97)
MAP	7.38 (16.29)	3.34 (14.23)
HR	−8.37 (12.01)	7.08 (7.04)
RR	−1.92 (2.45)	12.64 (8.04)
SpO2	0.19 (1.36)	0.01 (0.46)
End tidal CO2	2.07 (0.09)	−0.45 (2.17)
ICP^Ψ	—	—

ΨICP was not available in conscious participants able to self-report.