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| | Vertical approach | Diagonal approach |
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| Continuity of care | Short-term interventions | Long-term presence |
| Interdisciplinary care | Focus on cleft surgery services | Focus on surgical, perioperative, dental, feeding, hearing, speech, and rehabilitation services |
| Equitable access | Service-driven patient selection | Needs-driven patient selection |
| Outcomes monitoring | Postoperative | Long term |
| Local workforce development | Unilateral exchange focusing on cleft surgeons | Bilateral exchange focusing on surgeons, anesthesiologists, surgical intensivists, scrub technicians, perioperative nurses, ward nurses, dentists, feeding specialists, speech therapists, and audiologists |
| Equitable trainee experiences | Enhanced visiting trainee experience in specialized surgical practice | Enhanced visiting trainee experience in global healthcare delivery; enhanced local trainee experience in surgical practice |
| Academic culture of investigation and empowerment | Clinical emphasis, transfer of clinical skills, data collection and analysis by visiting providers, research-driven medical missions | Academic emphasis, transfer of research skills, data collection and analysis by local providers, and research-driven local practice |
| Increased financial sustainability | Dependence on external funding; return on investment may not be optimal | Goal of self-sustained revenue streams; emphasis on increasing ethical, fiscal and systems-wide returns on investments |
| Implications for local general surgical capacity | “Spill-over” as a welcome positive externality | “Spill-over” as a primary objective |
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