Wing Color of Monarch Butterflies (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) in Eastern North America across Life Stages: Migrants Are “Redder” than Breeding and Overwintering Stages : Table 1

]>Wing Color of Monarch Butterflies (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) in Eastern North America across Life Stages: Migrants Are “Redder” than Breeding and Overwintering Stages : Table 1

Table 1: Summary of general linear model examining factors influencing wing hue of monarch butterflies in this study. Groups were “breeding,” “overwintering,” and “migrating.” Nonsignificant interaction terms (i.e., where ) were removed.


Variable	df	MS	F	P-value

Sex	1	475.93	187.47	<.0001
Group	2	391.56	154.23	<.0001
Wing area	1	12.35	4.87	.0288
Sex^*group	2	10.99	4.33	.0147
Error	167	2.54	—	—

Total	173	—	—	—