Mechanisms of Odor Coding in Coniferous Bark Beetles: From Neuron to Behavior and Application
Figure 8
(a) The effect of spacing between attractant and antiattractant sources on trap catches of Ips typographus and Spodoptera littoralis, illustrated by measures of effect size (Hedges’ unbiased g). The effect size provides a measure of a biological treatment effect by scaling the difference between the treatment and the control means, with the pooled standard deviation for those means. Effect sizes further from zero than 0.8 are regarded as strong effects. In all experiments, the pheromone bait alone (zero distance between components) was the control. The zero cm spacing distance in experiments involving antiattractants is omitted for clarity. (b) Effect sizes in the Ips antiattractant background experiments using nonhost volatile dispensers at eight positions, or flakes around the trap. *Flakes were evenly distributed on the ground 0–2 m from the trap. Thus, this treatment is “not to scale” on the -axis. Ph = pheromone; Ant = Spodoptera pheromone antagonist; NHV = nonhost volatiles; IT-REP = semicommercial Ips typographus repellent dispenser (from [69], with permission from the publisher).
