Review Article
Nematode Parasites and Associates of Ants: Past and Present
| (1) | Nematodes represented as dauer or postdauer juveniles in the pharyngeal glands of ants | Rhabditidae, Diplogastridae and Panagrolaimidae | | Nematodes developing in the body cavity of ants | (2) | (2) | Only juvenile nematodes present | (3) | | Adult nematodes with or without juveniles | (4) | (3) | Elongate nematodes normally over 15 mm in length at completion of development; not enclosed in membranous capsules | Mermithidae | | Nematodes under 10 mm in length; enclosed in membranous capsules | Physalopteridae | (4) | Nematodes reproducing in dead ants; infective juveniles produced | (5) | | Nematode adults, eggs and/or juveniles in living ants; infective juveniles absent | (6) | (5) | Males with a bursa; females with a pointed tail | Heterorhabditidae | | Males without a bursa; females with a bluntly rounded tail, often bearing a small point at tip | Steinernematidae | (6) | Eggs and juveniles present | Allantonematidae | | Eggs, but no juveniles present | (7) | (7) | Vulva positioned at middle or lower half of body | Tetradonematidae | | Vulva positioned in upper fourth of body | Seuratidae |
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