Competition for Aphid Prey between Different Lady Beetle Species in a Laboratory Arena

Table 3

Number of aggression events (mean ± SE) delivered by H. axyridis and H. variegata in different competition contexts (see text for details). Means in each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different from each other (Tukey’s HSD tests, 𝑃<0.05). Nonnative species are printed in bold font.

Competition context	H. axyridis	H. variegata
H. axyridis	0.10 ± 0.10b	0.50± 0.17a
H. axyridis*	0.10 ± 0.10b	N/A
C. maculata	0.60 ± 0.16ab	0.10 ± 0.10b
C. septempunctata	0.10 ± 0.10b	0.00 ± 0.00b
C. trifasciata	0.80 ± 0.13a	0.00 ± 0.00b
H. convergens	0.70 ± 0.15ab	0.00 ± 0.00b
H. variegata	0.50 ± 0.17ab	0.00 ± 0.00b
H. variegata*	N/A	0.00 ± 0.00b
P. quatuordecimpunctata	0.70 ± 0.16ab	0.20 ± 0.13ab
P	0.0003	<0.0001
F	4.70	4.72
DF	7, 72	7, 72

*When beetles were paired with conspecifics, the data are listed separately for each beetle in the pair.