Current Understanding and Future Prospects of Host Selection, Acceptance, Discrimination, and Regulation of Phorid Fly Parasitoids That Attack Ants

Table 1

Chemical host location cues used by phorid flies in search of ant hosts.

Phorid species	Ant species	Cue	Source	Ant use	Ref.
Apocephalus paraponerae	Paraponera clavata	4-Methyl-3-heptanol and 4-methyl-3-heptanone	Mandibular glands	Alarm pheromone	[2, 4, 35]
Pseudacteon brevicauda	Myrmica rubra	3-Octanone and 3-nonanone	Mandibular glands	Alarm pheromone	[36, 37]
Pseudacteon formicarum	Lasius niger and Lasius emarginatus	Formic acid	Venom glands	Alarm/defense pheromone	[38]
Pseudacteon spp.	Azteca instabilis	1-Acetyl-2-methylcyclopentane	Pygidial Gland	Alarm pheromone	[17, 39]
Pseudacteon litoralis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown use at disturbed mounds	[20]
Pseudacteon wasmanni	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown use at disturbed mounds	[20]
Pseudacteon obtusus	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown use on trails	[20]
Pseudacteon borgmeieri	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown use on trails	[20]
Pseudacteon nuicornis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown use on trails	[20]
Pseudacteon solenopsidis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown use on trails	[20]
Pseudacteon tricuspis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	2-Ethyl-3, 6-dimethylpyrazine	Mandibular glands	Alarm pheromone	[40, 41]