[Retracted] Climatic, Regional Land-Use Intensity, Landscape, and Local Variables Predicting Best the Occurrence and Distribution of Bee Community Diversity in Various Farmland Habitats in Uganda

Table 4

Density (x ± sd) of bee nests (number of individual bee nests counted during transects walks and counts different farmland habitats/land-uses) per nesting type.

Types of seminatural habitats/land-uses; (bee reservoirs/refugia)	Habitat size (ha)	Bee hives	Foliage nests	Ground-nests	Termite mounds	House-wall nests	Wood/tree nests
Roadsides/track-sides					12.21 ± 4.5 (n** = 125)	125.7 ± 78; (n*** = 15)	2.57 ± 0.78 (n* = 5)
Hedgerows, field boundaries (field margins)	0.21 ± 0.05	1.00 ± 0.00 (𝑛=2)		12.7 ± 7.8 (n**** = 45)	125.7 ± 87 (𝑛=115)		2.5 ± 1.8 (𝑛=6)
Small tropical forest remnants/forest patches	7.22 ± 21.6	5.7 ± 3.4 (𝑛=4)	1.5 ± 1.1 (𝑛=5)	18.1 ± 4.6 (𝑛=25)	9.1 ± 4.6 (𝑛=25)		15.7 ± 3.1 (𝑛=24)
Ecotones/edge of forest reserves	1.84 ± 0.21		2.2 ± 1.4 (𝑛=6)	2.2 ± 1.4 (𝑛=6)	16.2 ± 1.4 (𝑛=6)	725.7 ± 278 (𝑛=25)	35.7 ± 13.1 (𝑛=11)
Woodlots (pines/eucalyptus) and woodlands	9.45 ± 34.78	3.2 ± 1.4 (𝑛=8)		43.2 ± 21.4 (𝑛=58)	23.2 ± 11.6 (𝑛=38)	25.3 ± 2.8 (𝑛=5)	53.2 ± 31.4 (𝑛=88)
Edge of wetlands/streams	0.91 ± 2.12		1.00 ± 0.0 (𝑛=3)	19.34 ± 12.5 (𝑛=23)	2.2 ± 1.1 (𝑛=5)		3.2 ± 1.1 (𝑛=8)
Abandoned gardens	0.06 ± 0.04	1.2 ± 0.7 (𝑛=4)		9.4 ± 5.5 (𝑛=16)	4.2 ± 1.2 (𝑛=10)	421.7 ± 367 (𝑛=6)	11.57 ± 1.78 (𝑛=15)
Fenced cattle keeping fields, large pasturelands	9.43 ± 4.91			13.1 ± 3.5 (𝑛=13)	10.2 ± 7.2 (𝑛=13)		27.7 ± 12.7 (𝑛=17)
Lantanacamara/Erlangea; tomentosa fallows	0.45 ± 1.29			53.1 ± 13.5 (𝑛=63)	17.2 ± 4.2 (𝑛=11)		7.2 ± 2.1 (𝑛=7)
Swampy fallows (different ages)	4.45 ± 1.29		4.2 ± 1.4 (𝑛=7)	3.1 ± 1.5 (𝑛=6)	3.1 ± 1.2 (𝑛=5)		17.2 ± 12.1 (𝑛=7)
Forest fallows (>5–7 years)	4.32 ± 24.31	11.2 ± 3.4 (𝑛=17)	1.00 ± 0.00 (𝑛=1)	45.1 ± 21.5 (𝑛=12)	13.1 ± 7.1 (𝑛=15)		47.2 ± 32.1 (𝑛=17)
Young fallow (<1-2 years aged)	0.06 ± 0.67			39.3 ± 11.5 (𝑛=78)	4.1 ± 2.1 (𝑛=45)		11.2 ± 2.1 (𝑛=65)
Small and large grasslands	0.43 ± 4.91			25.3 ± 5.6 (𝑛=18)	2.1 ± 1.1 (𝑛=15)		2.2 ± 1.1 (𝑛=15)
Small grazing fields (for small ruminants)	0.37 ± 3.51			5.3 ± 2.6 (𝑛=8)	1.7 ± 0.86 (𝑛=4)		1.2 ± 0.5 (𝑛=5)
Simple agroforestry systems; (agroforestry trees + fruits)	0.32 ± 1.13	3.8 ± 1.4 (𝑛=7)		2.3 ± 1.2 (𝑛=45)	1.1 ± 0.46 (𝑛=25)	321.7 ± 167 (𝑛=16)	21.2 ± 10.5 (𝑛=15)
Complex agroforests (agroforest trees + fruits + native trees)	0.72 ± 1.35	5.2 ± 2.4 (𝑛=10)		3.1 ± 1.3 (𝑛=48)	2.5 ± 1.2 (𝑛=25)	821.7 ± 461 (𝑛=9)	29.1 ± 20.5 (𝑛=19)
Perennial crops associated headed by coffee + banana	0.87 ± 5.62	3.2 ± 1.1 (𝑛=5)		12.3 ± 5.6 (𝑛=38)	1.8 ± 1.2 (𝑛=24)	456.6 ± 121 (𝑛=7)	21.2 ± 11.5 (𝑛=25)
Homegardens with annual vegetable crop species	0.34 ± 0.291			1.0 ± 0.0 (𝑛=1)	1.0 ± 0.0 (𝑛=1)	399.7 ± 111 (𝑛=11)	1.2 ± 0.5 (𝑛=4)
Marshland habitats and reclaimed wetlands	0.99 ± 6.97			4.1 ± 1.2 (𝑛=5)	1.0 ± 0.0 (𝑛=1)		1.9 ± 0.7 (𝑛=6)
Bi-annual root crops (Cassava) fields	0.79 ± 5.32			1.1 ± 0.1 (𝑛=5)	2.00 ± 0.0 (𝑛=2)	323.1 ± 145 (𝑛=7)	1.00 ± 0.00 (𝑛=1)
Annual root/tuber crops (sweet potato) fields	0.24 ± 1.97			7.1 ± 2.1 (𝑛=15)	2.00 ± 0.0 (𝑛=2)	723.1 ± 345 (𝑛=5)	3.9 ± 1.7 (𝑛=6)
Annual cereal (maize, sorghum, rice) + legume (bean, groundnut) crops	0.41 ± 2.765			1.6 ± 0.6 (𝑛=11)	1.0 ± 0.0 (𝑛=1)	412.1 ± 156 (𝑛=8)	2.2 ± 1.2 (𝑛=16)

The density is the number of nests counted per nesting site per 5 ha-transect. The data reflect the number of observations or number of time this nest was recorded in five rounds of data collection conducted during 2006 in central Uganda. 𝑛 = the number of time the individual bee nest was recorded in a particular land-use/habitat type during five rounds of data collection across 26 study sites. Number of individual bee nests included all type of solitary and social bee species and all type of bee nests location combined.
n**** = number of active ground nets recorded in that habitat; n** = number of active termite mounds recorded in that habitat; n*** = number of active nests counted on house wall (old houses, nests, livestock houses, abandoned or not) established near the habitat described; n* = number of active wood/tree nests seen and counted during transect walks.