Clinical Study
First Rank Symptoms and Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia
Table 4
Comparison of neurological soft sign (NSS) scores between patients of schizophrenia with and without first rank symptoms using Kruskal-Wallis test.
| | (mean ± SD) |
Schiz. with FRS (A) | FDR of schiz. patients with FRS (B) |
Schiz. without FRS (C) | FDR of schiz. patients without FRS (D) | Normal controls (E) | | (post hoc) |
| Total abnormality score | 1.52 ± 2.31 | 99.00 | 57.08 | 98.92 | 68.75 | 53.75 | 39.424 | 0.0001*** (A > B, D, E; C > B, D, E; D > E) | Filtered abnormality score | 1.40 ± 2.16 | 98.65 | 58.20 | 99.77 | 69.48 | 51.40 | 41.852 | 0.0001*** (A > B, E; C > D, E; D > E) | Soft signs | 1.19 ± 1.99 | 100.38 | 57.12 | 99.38 | 68.15 | 52.47 | 45.594 | 0.0001*** (A > B, D, E; C > B, D, E; D > E) | Hard signs | 0.29 ± 0.80 | 81.68 | 68.87 | 91.25 | 71.70 | 64.00 | 19.309 | 0.001*** (A > B, E; C > D, E) | Filtered hard signs | 0.11 ± 0.35 | 76.13 | 70.97 | 83.30 | 76.13 | 70.97 | 6.425 | 0.170 | Motor domain | 0.16 ± 0.58 | 80.60 | 72.83 | 80.60 | 75.47 | 68.00 | 6.774 | 0.148 | Involuntary movements | 0.15 ± 0.50 | 76.70 | 73.92 | 81.62 | 76.27 | 69.00 | 5.625 | 0.229 | Muscle power | 0.01 ±0.12 | 74.50 | 74.50 | 74.50 | 74.50 | 79.50 | 8.054 | 0.090 | Muscle tone | 0.01 ± 0.14 | 74.00 | 74.00 | 81.50 | 74.00 | 74.00 | 12.163 | 0.016 | Cranial nerves | 0.02 ± 0.45 | 78.98 | 71.30 | 89.10 | 71.68 | 66.43 | 12.661 | 0.013** A > E; C > D, E | Cognitive functions | 0.18 ± 1.94 | 94.47 | 58.50 | 95.62 | 68.10 | 60.82 | 39.221 | 0.0001*** (A > B, E; C > D, E) | Reflexes | 0.67 ± 0.33 | 84.00 | 69.00 | 86.50 | 71.50 | 66.50 | 16.681 | 0.002** (A > B, E; C > D, E) | Sensory | 0.12 ± 0.79 | 82.25 | 71.28 | 88.30 | 69.17 | 66.50 | 17.389 | 0.002** (A > B, E; C > D, E) |
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, **, and ***. Schiz.: schizophrenia; FDR: first degree relative; FRS: first rank symptoms.
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