An Individualized and Everyday Life Approach to Cognitive Rehabilitation in Schizophrenia: A Case Illustration

Table 1

Pre-rehabilitation, post-rehabilitation, and follow-up cognitive assessment.

Cognitive tests	Pre-rehabilitation	Post-rehabilitation	Follow-up
Working memory
Storage
(i) Digit span (forward) (MEM-III)	−0.7	0.49	−0.7
Processing load
(i) Digit span (backward) (MEM-III)	−1	0.76	0.17
(ii) Number of trials for digit span (MEM-III)	−2.33	0.33	−0.33
(iii) Letter-number sequencing (MEM-III)	−1.33	−0.66	−0.66
Updating
(i) Working memory (TAP): median RT/SD RT/omission(s)	P84/P50/P4	P79/P50/P18	P76/P50/P18
Executive functions
Inhibition
(i) Go/no-go (TAP): median RT/SD RT/error(s)	P14/P27/P<46	P1/P38/P42	P34/P46/<P42
Flexibility
(i) Flexibility (TAP): median RT/SD RT/error(s)	–P10/P7/P27	P7/P2/P82	P12/P16/P8
(ii) Verbal fluency: phonological/semantic	−0.33/−1.42	0.18/−2.37	0.16/−0.71
Planning
(i) Six Elements Test: total score/error(s)	−1.48/−1.5	−2.62/−0.08	0.01/0.32
Episodic Memory
Explicit verbal episodic memory*
(i) Logical memory (MEM-III): (I) First recall/total recall/	−1.33/−1.67	/	/
learning curve/theme	−1/−1	/	/
(II) Total recall/retention%/theme	−1.67/−1/−1	/	/
(ii) California Verbal Learning Test:
First recall A/fifth recall A/total recall A/	−1.93/P5-25/−2	0.2/P50/−0.91	/
Short-term recall A/cued recall A	−1.6/−1.67	−0.44/−1.2	/
Delayed recall A/delayed cued recall A	−2/−2.42	−1.62/−1.49	/
Recognition/false recognition	P5-25/P5-25	P50/P5-25	/
(iii) RL/RI-16: immediate recall/free recall I/cued recall I	/	/	P99/−1.5/P99
Free recall II/cued recall II	/	/	−1.84/P25
Free recall III/cued recall III	/	/	−1.57/P99
Delayed free recall/delayed cued recall/recognition (/16)	/	/	−3.6/P5-25/16
Explicit visual episodic memory
(i) Face recognition (MEM-III): part I/part II/retention	0.33/−0.33/−0.67	/	/
Attentional functions
Divided attention
(i) Divided attention (TAP): median RT/SD RT/omission(s)	P62/P42/P4	P38/P14/P12	P76/P16/<P18
Sustained attention
(i) Digit continuous ordination: mean efficiency: 0–10 min/	−2.62	−2.76	−2.83
10–20 min/0–20 min	−2.72/−2.82	−2.72/−2.79	−3.22/−3.1
Processing speed
(i) Digit symbol—coding (WAIS-III)	−1	−0.67	−0.33

∗Different episodic memory tests were used at different moments of evaluation (pre-rehabilitation, post-rehabilitation, follow-up) in order to avoid learning effects; numbers in bold indicate a deficit score (< −1.65 for the z-scores, <10 for the percentiles); RT: reaction time; SD: standard deviation; digit span, letter-number sequencing, logical memory (MEM-III; [16]); working memory, go/no-go, flexibility, divided attention (TAP; [17]); digit symbol (WAIS-III; [18]); verbal fluency [19]; Six Elements Test ([20]; French adaptation, [21]); California Verbal Learning Test ([22]; French adaptation, [23]); RL/RI-16 [24]; digit continuous ordination [25].