MAPK/ERK Signaling in Osteosarcomas, Ewing Sarcomas and Chondrosarcomas: Therapeutic Implications and Future Directions

Figure 1

MAPK/ERK signaling and the hallmarks of cancers. The MAPK/ERK pathway mediates several upstream signals from well-known oncogenic growth factors and proinflammatory stimulants. Activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway by growth factors, proinflammatory stimulants and gain-of-function mutations of Ras/Raf promotes phenotypic changes characteristic of cancer cells [9–14].