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Investigators | Subject groups | Average age of first scan (years) | Average years of followup | Image slice thickness | methods of analysis | Brain regions showing significant change in patients | Correlations between brain changes and clinical variables |
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Buchanan et al. 2004 [22] | 44 csz 34 ctrls | 39 34 | 0 | 1.5 mm | ROI manual tracing | Smaller inferior prefrontal region vol. and reversal of the normal asymmetry of the inferior parietal cortex | |
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Cannon et al. 2002 [23] | 20 MZ discordant pairs 20 DZ discordant pairs 20 MZ ctrls 20 DZ ctrls | 48 49 48 47 | 0 | 1.2 mm | Three-dimensional cortical maps | Between patients and their MZ cotwins reduced grey matter in the superior parietal lobule, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Broca’s area, premotor cortex and frontal eye fields, superior temporal gyrus. | Disease-related deficits in grey matter were correlated with measures of symptom severity and cognitive dysfunction |
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Dazzan et al. 2011 [24] | 102 UHR | 20 | 1 | 1.5 mm | VBM | Reductions in the frontal cortex in subjects who developed psychosis and the subgroup that subsequently developed SZ also showed smaller volumes in the parietal cortex | |
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Dubb et al. 2005 [25] | 46 csz 92 ctrls | 29 31 | 0 | 1.0 mm | VBM | Reduced vol. of the parietal and frontal lobe | |
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Foong et al. 2001[26] | 25 csz 30 ctrls | 37 35 | 0 | 5.0 mm | MTI | Frontal and temporal vol. reductions | Bilateral parieto-occipital cortex and genu of corpus callosum vol. reductions were associated with severity of negative symptoms in sz |
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Frederikse et al. 2000 [27] | 15 male scz 15 female csz 15 male ctrls 15 female ctrls | 39 40 39 38 | 0 | 1.5 mm | ROI of the inferior parietal lobule | Male csz had a reversal of the normal left greater than right male asymmetry and smaller left inferior parietal lobule grey matter vol. female csz did not differ from female ctrls | |
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Hubl et al. 2004 [28] | 13 csz with to auditory hallucinations 13 csz without auditory hallucinations 13 ctrls | 33 31 32 | 0 | 5.0 mm | DTI | pts with hallucinations had higher white matter directionality in the lateral parts of the temporoparietal section of the arcuate fasciculus and in parts of the anterior corpus callosum | Alterations of white matter fiber tracts in pts with frequent hallucinations lead to abnormal coactivation in regions related to the acoustical processing |
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Job et al. 2005 [29] | 65 GHR 19 ctrls | 21 21 | 2 | 1.9 mm | VBM | GHR with right parietal grey matter, temporal grey matter, right frontal grey matter reductions | GHR with psychotic symptoms and converters showed a different spatial pattern of reductions |
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Jung et al. 2009 [30] | 29 UHR 31 SZ 29 ctrls | 22 24 23 | 0 | voxel size 0.45 × 0.45 × 0.9 mm | VBM | UHR: cortical thinning in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, and superior temporal gyrus | Cortical thinning was more pronounced in SZ compared with UHR and ctrls |
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Kubicki et al. 2001 [31] | 16 FE 16 affective psychosis 18 ctrls | 26 23 24 | 0 | 1.5 mm | VBM | FE reduced volume of right inferior parietal lobule, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left and right anterior cingulate gyrus, left and right insula | |
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Kyriakopoulos et al. 2009 [32] | 17 adolescent-onset SZ 17 adolescent ctrls 17 adult-onset SZ 17 adult ctrls | 17 16 24 24 | 0 | 2.5 mm | DTI | Individuals with adolescent onset SZ show fractional anisotropy decrease in parietal regionsindividuals with adult onset show additionally in frontal, temporal, and cerebellar regions | White matter abnormalities in SZ may depend on developmental stage at the time of illness onset |
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Minatogawa-Chang et al. 2009 [33] | 88 FEP 86 ctrls | 29 31 | 0 | voxel size 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 | MRI + controlled oral word association test + forward and backward digit span tests | Volume abnormalities in frontal and temporoparietal cortices | Cognitive deficits directly related to brain volume abnormalities in frontal and temporoparietal cortices in FEP subjects |
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Mitelman et al. 2009 [34] | 17 csz with good outcome 17 csz with poor outcome 13 ctrls | 37 47 42 | 4 | 1.2 mm | DTI | At baseline, csz had smaller frontal, temporal, and parietal gray matter volumes than ctrls | Grey matter volumes in poor-outcome patients decline more rapidly than in patients with good outcome |
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Narr et al. 2005 [35] | 72 FE 78 ctrls | 25 27 | 0 | 1.5 mm | MRI | Regional grey matter thinning in frontal, temporal and parietal heteromodal association cortices bilaterally | |
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Nierenberg et al. 2005 [36] | 14 FE 14 ctrls | 18–55 | 0 | 1.5 mm | ROI | Smaller left angular gyrus vol. | |
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Niznikiewicz et al. 2000 [37] | 15 male right-handed csz 15 male right-handed ctrls | 20–55 | 0 | 1.5 mm | ROI | Showed a reversed asymmetry in the inferior parietal lobule that was mainly seen in the angular gyrus | |
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Rowland et al. 2008 [38] | 10 csz with neg. symptoms 10 csz without neg. symptoms 11 ctrls | 46 40 37 | 0 | 2.2 mm | DTI | Reduced FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus connecting parietal with frontal lobe | Support for altered frontal-parietal network in deficit SZ |
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Schultz et al. 2009 [39] | 54 FE 54 ctrls | 26 27 | 0 | 1 mm | MRI | Cortical thinning in: dorsolateral and frontopolar cortices, anterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal cortices, and superior parietal lobe | Widespread reduction of cortical thickness, mostly in heteromodal cortices of frontotemporal networks |
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Sun 2003 [40] | 23 UHR-N 12 UHR-P | 20 20 | 1 | 1.5 mm | MRI | UHR-P : reduction in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex | High-risk psychosis subjects showed orbitofrontal cortex reduction compared to FE |
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Sun et al. 2005 [41] | 23 FEP (16 FES) 11 csz 28 ctrls | 22 33 26 | 2 | 1.5 mm | MRI | FE versus ctrls: whole brain, left (trend), and right motor-premotor, left and right parietal, left and right dorsal prefrontal csz versus FE: left and right dorsal prefrontal | FE brain surface retraction was similar to that of ctrls but significantly accelerated |
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Thompson et al. 2001 [42] | 12 SZ 12 ctrls | 14 14 | 4.6 | 1.2 mm | MRI | Earliest scans: deficits in parietal brain regions Latest scans: included dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior temporal gyri | Change patterns correlated with psychotic symptom severity |
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Whitford et al. 2005 [43] | 31 FE 30 ctrls | 19 19 | 0 | 1.5 mm | VBM | left prefrontal cortex, left parietal and temporal cortex, right cerebellum, right parietal, frontal, and cortex reductions | Reality distortion syndrome score correlates with grey matter reduction in FE |
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Whitford et al. 2006 [44] | 41 FES followup: 25 FES 47 ctrls followup: 26 ctrls | 19 19 | 2.6 2.4 | 1.5 mm | VBM | Baseline: grey matter reductions in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices and cerebellum Followup interval: especially in the parietal and temporal cortices further reductions | |
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Narr et al. 2001 [35] | 48 csz 48 ctrls | 33 32 | 0 | 0.9–1.4 mm | VBM | Left-dominant frontal, temporal, and insular grey matter reductions | Global assessment of functioning score correlated with grey matter vol. in the left inferior frontal and inferior parietal lobe |
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Zhou et al. 2006 [45] | 53 csz 25 schizotypal disorder pts 59 ctrls | 25 26 24 | 0 | 1 mm | ROI | csz: reduction in parietal lobe schizotypal subjects: postcentral gyrus volume reductions | |
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