From Semantics to Feelings: How Do Individuals with Schizophrenia Rate the Emotional Valence of Words?

Table 3

	Healthy controls (𝑛=17)	Individuals with schizophrenia (𝑛=16)
	Neutral adjectives
Ample	6.12 ± 1.11	6.87 ± 1.64
Aloof	4.18 ± 0.81	4.20 ± 1.42
Blue*	5.18 ± 1.88	6.75 ± 1.53
Aware	6.47 ± 1.42	6.69 ± 1.62
Blank	4.71 ± 1.10	4.50 ± 1.63
Airy	5.59 ± 1.37	4.94 ± 1.69
Annual	5.29 ± 0.59	5.75 ± 1.24
Basic	5.29 ± 0.69	6.25 ± 1.65
Blond	6.12 ± 1.32	6.38 ± 1.67
Actual	5.29 ± 0.59	5.81 ± 1.52
Broad	5.41 ± 1.18	5.44 ± 1.21
Casual	6.35 ± 1.58	6.69 ± 1.49
Brief	5.59 ± 1.12	5.50 ± 1.59
Brown	5.18 ± 0.88	5.75 ± 1.84
Classic	6.59 ± 1.23	6.94 ± 2.14
Bold	6.13 ± 1.09	6.20 ± 1.61
Common*	5.29 ± 0.85	6.20 ± 1.32
Close	5.76 ± 1.52	5.25 ± 1.48
Civil	6.44 ± 1.31	6.75 ± 1.48
Central*	5.24 ± 0.56	6.13 ± 1.46
Dense	4.65 ± 1.22	4.06 ± 2.11
Constant	5.71 ± 1.05	6.19 ± 1.64
Compact	5.53 ± 1.46	5.63 ± 1.41
Daily*	5.53 ± 1.12	6.75±1.69
Cubic	5.06 ± 0.24	5.20 ± 0.86
Curly	5.47 ± 1.12	6.38 ± 1.67
Equal	6.18 ± 1.70	6.81 ± 1.64
Deep	5.06 ± 1.03	5.33 ± 2.02
Dry	4.71 ± 1.49	4.94 ± 2.32
Direct	6.65 ± 1.54	7.13 ± 1.50
Green	5.94 ± 1.25	6.80 ± 1.90
Long	4.76 ± 1.75	5.75 ± 2.35
Herbal	6.18 ± 1.33	5.88 ± 2.00
Loud	3.71 ± 1.21	3.50 ± 1.75
Large	5.35 ± 0.86	5.44 ± 2.56
Exact	6.31 ± 1.40	7.19 ± 1.56
Full	5.88 ± 1.62	5.73 ± 2.12
Lay	5.65 ± 1.37	5.81 ± 2.40
High	6.06 ± 1.82	6.19 ± 2.29
Flat	4.82 ± 1.07	4.19 ± 1.60
Red	5.24 ± 0.75	5.38 ± 1.63
Mutual	6.35 ± 1.17	6.38 ± 2.16
Plural	5.00 ±0.00	5.63 ± 1.26
Main	5.12 ± 0.33	5.75 ± 1.34
Overt	5.24 ± 0.97	4.50 ± 1.55
Quiet	6.00 ± 1.66	6.06 ± 1.44
Plain	4.88 ± 0.34	4.94 ± 1.24
Raw	4.65 ± 1.11	3.69 ± 1.82
Mild	5.47 ± 0.80	5.75 ± 1.48
Near	5.47 ± 0.87	5.81 ± 1.22
Smooth	6.94 ± 1.25	6.50 ± 1.90
Slim	6.24 ± 1.30	6.81 ± 1.97
White	5.82 ± 2.04	6.44 ± 1.55
Tall	5.94 ± 1.52	7.00 ± 1.86
Tiny	4.53 ± 1.01	5.00 ± 1.59
Yellow	5.65 ± 1.46	5.13 ± 2.36
Wild	5.53 ± 1.01	5.13 ± 1.67
Sharp	5.94 ± 1.68	5.94 ± 2.38
Small	4.94 ± 0.66	5.38 ± 2.06
Thick	4.76 ± 0.56	5.50 ± 1.97
	Positive adjectives
Calm	7.23 ± 2.02	7.33 ± 1.40
Beautiful	8.29 ± 0.77	7.47 ± 2.13
Adorable	7.82 ± 0.95	7.25 ± 1.88
Clean	7.82 ± 1.07	7.00 ± 2.07
Alive	8.12 ± 1.17	7.93 ± 2.02
Capable	7.18 ± 1.19	6.75 ± 1.95
Brave	7.71 ± 1.31	7.19 ± 1.38
Blessed	8.12 ± 1.11	7.38 ± 2.03
Confident	8.12 ± 0.99	7.75 ± 1.06
Bright	7.71 ± 1.26	7.63 ± 1.31
Erotic	6.71±2.11	6.53±1.64
Elegant	7.94 ± 1.20	7.73 ± 1.39
Famous	6.94 ± 1.52	7.00 ± 1.75
Gentle	7.82±1.19	7.56±1.41
Genial*	6.88 ± 1.54	4.81 ± 1.64
Cute	7.53 ± 1.18	7.40 ± 1.30
Friendly	8.18±0.81	7.94±1.18
Free	7.94 ± 1.25	7.81 ± 2.10
Fabulous	7.94±1.03	7.69 ± 1.25
Funny	8.18 ± 1.01	8.06±1.00
Gifted	7.82 ± 1.01	8.00 ± 1.21
Joyful	8.06 ± 1.25	7.81 ± 1.17
Happy	8.12 ± 1.27	8.00 ± 1.26
Good	7.53 ± 1.01	7.50 ± 1.32
Honest	7.82 ± 0.95	8.13 ± 1.36
Inspired	7.71 ± 1.16	7.56 ± 1.21
Grateful	8.00 ± 1.17	7.63 ± 1.96
Keen	6.41 ± 1.54	6.38 ± 1.67
Hopeful	7.82 ± 1.33	6.75 ± 2.41
Glad	7.35 ± 1.27	7.44 ± 2.03
Loyal	8.00 ± 1.00	7.94 ± 1.24
Magical	7.18 ± 1.19	7.47 ± 1.30
Perfect	7.59 ± 1.06	7.81 ± 2.07
Precious	7.41 ± 1.06	7.53 ± 1.51
Merry	7.94±0.83	7.50 ± 2.03
Lovely	8.06 ± 0.75	7.13 ± 2.36
Lucky	7.53 ± 1.46	7.69 ± 1.49
Kind	7.82 ± 1.38	7.75 ± 1.48
Loved	8.47 ± 0.72	8.07 ± 1.10
Nice	7.82 ± 1.01	7.69 ± 1.40
Protected	7.06 ± 1.98	7.31 ± 1.30
Secure	7.59 ± 1.12	7.75 ± 1.29
Safe	7.6 5± 1.32	7.94 ± 1.29
Right	6.59 ± 1.54	7.25 ± 1.29
Pretty	7.47 ± 1.07	7.31 ± 1.49
Proud	7.00 ± 1.37	7.50 ± 1.41
Romantic	8.12 ± 1.05	7.94 ± 1.34
Satisfied	7.53 ± 1.23	7.25 ± 1.39
Sexy	7.88 ± 1.17	7.25 ± 2.05
Relaxed	7.71 ± 1.10	7.44 ± 1.55
Terrific	7.71 ± 1.10	7.50 ± 1.59
Super	7.59 ± 1.18	7.33 ± 1.59
Special	7.47 ± 1.23	7.25 ± 2.14
Soft	6.47 ± 1.18	6.63 ± 1.86
Tender	6.65 ± 1.32	6.75 ± 1.81
Strong	7.41±1.66	7.00 ± 1.63
Vigorous	6.53 ± 2.10	5.88 ± 1.96
Wise	7.94 ± 1.20	7.63 ± 1.54
Useful	7.24 ± 1.30	7.44 ± 2.06
Wealthy	7.65 ± 1.17	7.63 ± 1.59
	Negative adjectives
Bloody	1.71±0.92	2.56±2.00
Bored	3.18±1.29	4.00 ± 2.13
Alone	3.82±1.78	3.25 ± 1.61
Clumsy	3.76±1.30	3.44 ± 1.59
Coarse	4.06±1.39	4.44 ± 1.67
Blind	2.35±1.22	2.44 ± 2.06
Abnormal	3.00±1.37	3.50 ± 1.83
Bad	2.29±1.05	3.19 ± 2.17
Angry	2.24±0.90	2.75 ± 1.77
Afraid	2.24±0.90	2.19 ± 1.28
False	3.94±2.36	3.81 ± 1.76
Cruel	1.71±0.77	2.50 ± 2.10
Dirty	2.65±1.58	3.19 ± 1.60
Dull	3.06±1.14	3.25 ± 1.53
Cynic	4.29±1.83	4.06±1.57
Enraged	2.29±1.31	2.63 ± 1.67
Crazy	3.35±1.46	3.25 ± 1.95
Dumb	3.29±1.40	3.00 ± 1.55
Dreadful*	2.00±1.12	3.31 ± 2.09
Dead*	1.29±0.69	2.38 ± 2.03
Ill	2.82±1.78	3.50 ± 2.13
Furious*	2.12±0.78	3.44 ± 2.31
Hostile	2.18±1.19	2.38 ± 1.36
Inferior	2.71±1.26	3.00 ± 1.67
Foolish	3.00±1.22	3.50 ± 1.59
Insane	2.47±1.84	2.50 ± 1.26
Helpless	2.29±1.05	2.94 ± 1.73
Impure	3.94±1.30	3.63 ± 1.67
Guilty*	2.00±0.71	3.00 ± 1.67
Fearful	2.00±1.06	2.44 ± 1.09
Monstrous	3.24±1.60	3.81±2.10
Lost	2.41±0.87	2.56±1.15
Morbid	2.71±1.61	3.19 ± 2.10
Odd	4.00±1.32	3.94 ± 2.08
Lazy	2.94±0.75	3.88 ± 1.93
Malign	3.12±1.36	3.69 ± 1.70
Lonely	2.12±1.27	2.56 ± 1.41
Mad	2.65±1.06	2.81 ± 1.33
Sinful	2.29±1.36	2.94 ± 2.02
Shamed	2.18±1.42	3.38±1.75
Rejected	2.06±1.20	3.00 ± 1.83
Poor	2.47±1.37	2.94 ± 1.53
Selfish	2.00±0.94	2.94 ± 1.34
Sick	1.82±0.95	2.19 ± 1.22
Sad	2.35±0.93	2.93 ± 1.62
Odious	4.12±1.45	4.25 ± 1.57
Scared	2.06±1.20	2.88 ± 2.00
Rude	2.12±0.99	2.75 ± 1.18
Useless	2.24±1.03	2.94 ± 1.53
Terrible	2.00±0.79	2.31 ± 1.20
Unhappy	2.18±0.88	2.69 ± 1.30
Upset	2.35±0.79	2.56 ± 1.31
Weak	2.94±1.30	3.31 ± 1.70
Tough	6.06±1.78	5.38 ± 1.78
Wicked	2.94±1.89	2.88 ± 1.82
Tense	3.12±1.22	4.00 ± 1.93
Ugly	2.35±1.27	3.56 ± 2.10
Stupid	2.47±1.37	2.69 ± 1.40
Terrified	1.76±0.90	2.44 ± 2.13
Wrong	3.12±1.27	2.75 ± 1.13
Violent	1.94±1.56	2.38 ± 1.20
Tragic	1.94±1.09	2.13 ± 1.25
Mean	2.35±1.11	2.63 ± 1.89
Jealous	2.59±1.18	2.69 ± 1.35

^∗𝑃<.05.