Clinical Study
From Semantics to Feelings: How Do Individuals with Schizophrenia Rate the Emotional Valence of Words?
| | Healthy controls () | Individuals with schizophrenia () |
| | Neutral adjectives | | Ample | 6.12 ± 1.11 | 6.87 ± 1.64 | Aloof | 4.18 ± 0.81 | 4.20 ± 1.42 | Blue* | 5.18 ± 1.88 | 6.75 ± 1.53 | Aware | 6.47 ± 1.42 | 6.69 ± 1.62 | Blank | 4.71 ± 1.10 | 4.50 ± 1.63 | Airy | 5.59 ± 1.37 | 4.94 ± 1.69 | Annual | 5.29 ± 0.59 | 5.75 ± 1.24 | Basic | 5.29 ± 0.69 | 6.25 ± 1.65 | Blond | 6.12 ± 1.32 | 6.38 ± 1.67 | Actual | 5.29 ± 0.59 | 5.81 ± 1.52 | Broad | 5.41 ± 1.18 | 5.44 ± 1.21 | Casual | 6.35 ± 1.58 | 6.69 ± 1.49 | Brief | 5.59 ± 1.12 | 5.50 ± 1.59 | Brown | 5.18 ± 0.88 | 5.75 ± 1.84 | Classic | 6.59 ± 1.23 | 6.94 ± 2.14 | Bold | 6.13 ± 1.09 | 6.20 ± 1.61 | Common* | 5.29 ± 0.85 | 6.20 ± 1.32 | Close | 5.76 ± 1.52 | 5.25 ± 1.48 | Civil | 6.44 ± 1.31 | 6.75 ± 1.48 | Central* | 5.24 ± 0.56 | 6.13 ± 1.46 | Dense | 4.65 ± 1.22 | 4.06 ± 2.11 | Constant | 5.71 ± 1.05 | 6.19 ± 1.64 | Compact | 5.53 ± 1.46 | 5.63 ± 1.41 | Daily* | 5.53 ± 1.12 | | Cubic | 5.06 ± 0.24 | 5.20 ± 0.86 | Curly | 5.47 ± 1.12 | 6.38 ± 1.67 | Equal | 6.18 ± 1.70 | 6.81 ± 1.64 | Deep | 5.06 ± 1.03 | 5.33 ± 2.02 | Dry | 4.71 ± 1.49 | 4.94 ± 2.32 | Direct | 6.65 ± 1.54 | 7.13 ± 1.50 | Green | 5.94 ± 1.25 | 6.80 ± 1.90 | Long | 4.76 ± 1.75 | 5.75 ± 2.35 | Herbal | 6.18 ± 1.33 | 5.88 ± 2.00 | Loud | 3.71 ± 1.21 | 3.50 ± 1.75 | Large | 5.35 ± 0.86 | 5.44 ± 2.56 | Exact | 6.31 ± 1.40 | 7.19 ± 1.56 | Full | 5.88 ± 1.62 | 5.73 ± 2.12 | Lay | 5.65 ± 1.37 | 5.81 ± 2.40 | High | 6.06 ± 1.82 | 6.19 ± 2.29 | Flat | 4.82 ± 1.07 | 4.19 ± 1.60 | Red | 5.24 ± 0.75 | 5.38 ± 1.63 | Mutual | 6.35 ± 1.17 | 6.38 ± 2.16 | Plural | 5.00 ±0.00 | 5.63 ± 1.26 | Main | 5.12 ± 0.33 | 5.75 ± 1.34 | Overt | 5.24 ± 0.97 | 4.50 ± 1.55 | Quiet | 6.00 ± 1.66 | 6.06 ± 1.44 | Plain | 4.88 ± 0.34 | 4.94 ± 1.24 | Raw | 4.65 ± 1.11 | 3.69 ± 1.82 | Mild | 5.47 ± 0.80 | 5.75 ± 1.48 | Near | 5.47 ± 0.87 | 5.81 ± 1.22 | Smooth | 6.94 ± 1.25 | 6.50 ± 1.90 | Slim | 6.24 ± 1.30 | 6.81 ± 1.97 | White | 5.82 ± 2.04 | 6.44 ± 1.55 | Tall | 5.94 ± 1.52 | 7.00 ± 1.86 | Tiny | 4.53 ± 1.01 | 5.00 ± 1.59 | Yellow | 5.65 ± 1.46 | 5.13 ± 2.36 | Wild | 5.53 ± 1.01 | 5.13 ± 1.67 | Sharp | 5.94 ± 1.68 | 5.94 ± 2.38 | Small | 4.94 ± 0.66 | 5.38 ± 2.06 | Thick | 4.76 ± 0.56 | 5.50 ± 1.97 |
| | Positive adjectives | | Calm | 7.23 ± 2.02 | 7.33 ± 1.40 | Beautiful | 8.29 ± 0.77 | 7.47 ± 2.13 | Adorable | 7.82 ± 0.95 | 7.25 ± 1.88 | Clean | 7.82 ± 1.07 | 7.00 ± 2.07 | Alive | 8.12 ± 1.17 | 7.93 ± 2.02 | Capable | 7.18 ± 1.19 | 6.75 ± 1.95 | Brave | 7.71 ± 1.31 | 7.19 ± 1.38 | Blessed | 8.12 ± 1.11 | 7.38 ± 2.03 | Confident | 8.12 ± 0.99 | 7.75 ± 1.06 | Bright | 7.71 ± 1.26 | 7.63 ± 1.31 | Erotic | | | Elegant | 7.94 ± 1.20 | 7.73 ± 1.39 | Famous | 6.94 ± 1.52 | 7.00 ± 1.75 | Gentle | | | Genial* | 6.88 ± 1.54 | 4.81 ± 1.64 | Cute | 7.53 ± 1.18 | 7.40 ± 1.30 | Friendly | | | Free | 7.94 ± 1.25 | 7.81 ± 2.10 | Fabulous | | 7.69 ± 1.25 | Funny | 8.18 ± 1.01 | | Gifted | 7.82 ± 1.01 | 8.00 ± 1.21 | Joyful | 8.06 ± 1.25 | 7.81 ± 1.17 | Happy | 8.12 ± 1.27 | 8.00 ± 1.26 | Good | 7.53 ± 1.01 | 7.50 ± 1.32 | Honest | 7.82 ± 0.95 | 8.13 ± 1.36 | Inspired | 7.71 ± 1.16 | 7.56 ± 1.21 | Grateful | 8.00 ± 1.17 | 7.63 ± 1.96 | Keen | 6.41 ± 1.54 | 6.38 ± 1.67 | Hopeful | 7.82 ± 1.33 | 6.75 ± 2.41 | Glad | 7.35 ± 1.27 | 7.44 ± 2.03 | Loyal | 8.00 ± 1.00 | 7.94 ± 1.24 | Magical | 7.18 ± 1.19 | 7.47 ± 1.30 | Perfect | 7.59 ± 1.06 | 7.81 ± 2.07 | Precious | 7.41 ± 1.06 | 7.53 ± 1.51 | Merry | | 7.50 ± 2.03 | Lovely | 8.06 ± 0.75 | 7.13 ± 2.36 | Lucky | 7.53 ± 1.46 | 7.69 ± 1.49 | Kind | 7.82 ± 1.38 | 7.75 ± 1.48 | Loved | 8.47 ± 0.72 | 8.07 ± 1.10 | Nice | 7.82 ± 1.01 | 7.69 ± 1.40 | Protected | 7.06 ± 1.98 | 7.31 ± 1.30 | Secure | 7.59 ± 1.12 | 7.75 ± 1.29 | Safe | 7.6 5± 1.32 | 7.94 ± 1.29 | Right | 6.59 ± 1.54 | 7.25 ± 1.29 | Pretty | 7.47 ± 1.07 | 7.31 ± 1.49 | Proud | 7.00 ± 1.37 | 7.50 ± 1.41 | Romantic | 8.12 ± 1.05 | 7.94 ± 1.34 | Satisfied | 7.53 ± 1.23 | 7.25 ± 1.39 | Sexy | 7.88 ± 1.17 | 7.25 ± 2.05 | Relaxed | 7.71 ± 1.10 | 7.44 ± 1.55 | Terrific | 7.71 ± 1.10 | 7.50 ± 1.59 | Super | 7.59 ± 1.18 | 7.33 ± 1.59 | Special | 7.47 ± 1.23 | 7.25 ± 2.14 | Soft | 6.47 ± 1.18 | 6.63 ± 1.86 | Tender | 6.65 ± 1.32 | 6.75 ± 1.81 | Strong | | 7.00 ± 1.63 | Vigorous | 6.53 ± 2.10 | 5.88 ± 1.96 | Wise | 7.94 ± 1.20 | 7.63 ± 1.54 | Useful | 7.24 ± 1.30 | 7.44 ± 2.06 | Wealthy | 7.65 ± 1.17 | 7.63 ± 1.59 |
| | Negative adjectives | | Bloody | | | Bored | | 4.00 ± 2.13 | Alone | | 3.25 ± 1.61 | Clumsy | | 3.44 ± 1.59 | Coarse | | 4.44 ± 1.67 | Blind | | 2.44 ± 2.06 | Abnormal | | 3.50 ± 1.83 | Bad | | 3.19 ± 2.17 | Angry | | 2.75 ± 1.77 | Afraid | | 2.19 ± 1.28 | False | | 3.81 ± 1.76 | Cruel | | 2.50 ± 2.10 | Dirty | | 3.19 ± 1.60 | Dull | | 3.25 ± 1.53 | Cynic | | | Enraged | | 2.63 ± 1.67 | Crazy | | 3.25 ± 1.95 | Dumb | | 3.00 ± 1.55 | Dreadful* | | 3.31 ± 2.09 | Dead* | | 2.38 ± 2.03 | Ill | | 3.50 ± 2.13 | Furious* | | 3.44 ± 2.31 | Hostile | | 2.38 ± 1.36 | Inferior | | 3.00 ± 1.67 | Foolish | | 3.50 ± 1.59 | Insane | | 2.50 ± 1.26 | Helpless | | 2.94 ± 1.73 | Impure | | 3.63 ± 1.67 | Guilty* | | 3.00 ± 1.67 | Fearful | | 2.44 ± 1.09 | Monstrous | | | Lost | | | Morbid | | 3.19 ± 2.10 | Odd | | 3.94 ± 2.08 | Lazy | | 3.88 ± 1.93 | Malign | | 3.69 ± 1.70 | Lonely | | 2.56 ± 1.41 | Mad | | 2.81 ± 1.33 | Sinful | | 2.94 ± 2.02 | Shamed | | | Rejected | | 3.00 ± 1.83 | Poor | | 2.94 ± 1.53 | Selfish | | 2.94 ± 1.34 | Sick | | 2.19 ± 1.22 | Sad | | 2.93 ± 1.62 | Odious | | 4.25 ± 1.57 | Scared | | 2.88 ± 2.00 | Rude | | 2.75 ± 1.18 | Useless | | 2.94 ± 1.53 | Terrible | | 2.31 ± 1.20 | Unhappy | | 2.69 ± 1.30 | Upset | | 2.56 ± 1.31 | Weak | | 3.31 ± 1.70 | Tough | | 5.38 ± 1.78 | Wicked | | 2.88 ± 1.82 | Tense | | 4.00 ± 1.93 | Ugly | | 3.56 ± 2.10 | Stupid | | 2.69 ± 1.40 | Terrified | | 2.44 ± 2.13 | Wrong | | 2.75 ± 1.13 | Violent | | 2.38 ± 1.20 | Tragic | | 2.13 ± 1.25 | Mean | | 2.63 ± 1.89 | Jealous | | 2.69 ± 1.35 |
|
|
|