Cognitive Training for Schizophrenia in Developing Countries: A Pilot Trial in Brazil
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline and treatment attendance.
Experimental
Control
Institution (% SPU)
66.7
75
1.000°
Gender (male %)
89
75
0.576°
Age (mean ± SE)
0.735*
Duration of illness (mean ± SE)
0.885*
Number of previous hospitalizations (mean ± SE)
0.124*
Years of education (mean ± SE)
1.000*
I.Q. (mean ± SE)
0.961*
PANSS negative subscale (mean ± SE)
0.697*
PANSS positive subscale (mean ± SE)
0.699*
PANSS general psychopathology subscale (mean ± SE)
0.409*
PANSS total (mean ± SE)
0.735*
Trail making test A (mean ± SE)
0.630*
Trail making test B (mean ± SE)
0.564*
Stroop test card I (mean ± SE)
0.772*
Stroop test card II (mean ± SE)
0.359*
Stroop test card III (mean ± SE)
0.441*
MWCST total categories (mean ± SE)
0.883*
MWCST perseverative errors (mean ± SE)
1.000*
MWCST failure to maintain set (mean ± SE)
0.406*
Logic memory I (mean ± SE)
0.847*
Logic memory II (mean ± SE)
0.286*
Visual reproduction I (mean ± SE)
0.225*
Visual reproduction II (mean ± SE)
0.016
*
Treatment attendance (mean ± SE)
0.481*
SE: standard error, °Fisher's exact test, and *Mann-Whitney test for independent samples. SPU: Schizophrenia Project Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry of University of São Paulo (USP) Medical School. PANSS: positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia, MWCST: modified Wisconsin card sorting test.
