Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells and Their Orthopedic Applications: Forging a Path towards Clinical Trials

Table 2

Examples of the therapeutic applications of MPCs in humans.

Indications	Source	Mode of administration	Outcome
Fracture nonunion	Autologous BM	100% hydroxyapatite macroporous ceramic scaffolds with MPCs	X-ray & CT evidence of bone formation: recovered limb function [60]
	Autologous BM	Subcutaneous	Correlation between volume of mineralized callus and concentration of progenitor cells in the aspirate [40]
Cartilage defect	Autologous BM	Direct site transplantation	Improved clinical symptom and coverage of defect [75]
	Autologous BM	Cells embedded in collagen gel transplanted at site of cartilage defect	Improvement in arthroscopic and histologic grading [76]
Osteogensis imperfecta	Fetal MSC	Intrauterine transplantation	Osteoblastic differentiation and reduced fracture [77]
	Gene-marked Allogenic MPCs	IV infusion × 2	5 out of 6 patients demonstrated bone engraftment and increase in bone velocity [78]
Critical size defect	Autologous BM	Scaffold loaded	Faster full recovery of limb function than bone graft [59]
Craniofacial defect	Autologous Adipose-derived MPCs	Local administration of cells with fibrin glue	CT scans showed new bone formation and near complete calvarial continuity 3 months postoperatively [63]

MPC: mesenchymal progenitor cell, BM: bon marrow, IV: intravenous.