Review Article

Most British Surgeons Would Consider Using a Tissue-Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament: A Questionnaire Study

Table 1

Questionnaire used online for orthopaedic consultant feedback.

Question

1How many years have you been a consultant?

2Do you perform anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions?

3Approximately how many ACL reconstructions do you perform each month?

4How long have you been performing ACL reconstructions?

5How successful do you rate patellar tendon ACL reconstructions? (e.g., the patient being able to return to physical activities without experiencing another injury to the reconstructed ACL)

6How successful do you rate hamstring ACL reconstructions? (e.g., the patient being able to return to physical activities without experiencing another injury to the reconstructed ACL)

7How successful do you rate quadriceps ACL reconstructions? (e.g., the patient being able to return to physical activities without experiencing another injury to the reconstructed ACL)

8Are you familiar with tissue engineering as future clinic therapy? (Definition of tissue engineering: To grow autologous tissue in vitro in order to replace damaged body parts.)

9If tissue engineering an ACL for the patient were an option (either through the NHS or privately), would you consider using a newly developed tissue-engineered ACL? (If it had shown mechanical and biological success in vitro and in vivo)

10If an autologous tissue were tissue-engineered in the laboratory, what time limit would you see as acceptable from the moment the patients cells were harvested to the moment the engineered ACL was ready for implantation?

11If you were to hypothetically use a tissue-engineered ACL, would you be concerned about the successful integration of the engineered ACL into the bone?

12An engineered ACL could be an exact match to the native ACL. Do you feel that this would be more appropriate for implantation than a hamstring, quadriceps, or patellar tendon (which are only similar in tissue type to the ACL and not an exact match)?

13Approximately how long on average does your current treatment strategy for ACL replacement take (a) regarding operation length (b) regarding full recovery time with no pain

14Do you think it is likely that some patients would prefer to wait to receive a tissue-engineered ACL from their own cells, rather than receiving the current surgical ACL reconstruction using their own patellar tendon/hamstring tendon/quadriceps tendon?

15With respect to tissue engineering
(a) Do you believe that using a tissue-engineered ligament would produce less scarring? Donor site scarring (e.g. patellar tendon, hamstring, quadricep), implant site scarring, skin scarring as a result from donor tissue harvest?
(b) Do you believe that using a tissue-engineered ligament would take less surgical time?
(c) By how much would surgical time need to be reduced for you to consider it to be a significant improvement?
(d) Do you believe that using a tissue-engineered ligament would give patients a shorter full recovery time?
(e) By how much would recovery time need to be reduced for you to consider it to be a significant improvement?
(f) Do you believe that using a tissue-engineered ligament would give recovering patients reduced pain or recurring injuries?

16Currently ACL reconstructions cost £2,061 (NHS) and £3,500-£5,000 (privately). If a tissue-engineered construct cost more than your current procedure (for instance, up to twice the amount) but significantly improved the patient's satisfaction (resolution of instability/mobility/strength), would you consider using this technique?

17Any other personal suggestions? For example, what do you see as an advantage/disadvantage regarding using tissue-engineered constructs? Do you see a need to improve current surgical techniques?