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Cell source/vascular explants | Scaffold/cell sheets | Bioreactors/other devices | Biological effects | Ref. |
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hESC-derived cardiomyocytes /HUVECs/MEFs | Porous scaffold | None | Formation of both donor and host-derived vasculature within the engrafted triculture tissue constructs | [11] |
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hESC-derived cardiomyocytes /HUVECs/MEFs /human dermal fibroblasts | None | Rotating orbital shaker | Contraction of constructs in response to electrical pacing up to frequencies of 2-3 Hz/formation of new blood vessels in rat myocardium | [12] |
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HUVECs | Collagen | Intact microvascular segments gelled in polyethylene tubes | Formation of patent vascularized structures in the infarcted mouse heart/increase in cardiac contractility | [13] |
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Neonatal rat cardiac cells | Alginate plus angiogenic factors | Inosculation from heterotopic rat omentum of microvessels within the construct | Structural and electrical integration of cardiac patch into the infarcted rat myocardium/induction of thicker scars/prevention of chamber dilatation and ventricular dysfunction | [14] |
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Mouse cardiac tissues, thoracic artery, vena cava/rat and human arteries and veins/neonatal rat cardiomyocytes | Thymosin β4-releasing hydrogel scaffold | Polydimethylsiloxane substrate with grooves produced through soft lithography | In vitro improved functional properties of the cardiac construct/cell striations/cell-cell junctions/guided capillary outgrowths | [15] |
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HUVECs/human skeletal myoblasts | Cell sheets | HUVECs sandwiched between sheets of myoblasts | Cell sheets sprouted a capillary-like network and efficiently connected to the host vessels | [16] |
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HUVECs | Poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogel scaffold | Device micropatterned with cell-adhesive ligands by photolithography | Spatial regulation of the angiogenic response | [17] |
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Human microvascular endothelial cells/human dermal fibroblasts | Collagen | System for guided tubulogenesis coupled with 3D organotypic culture | Endothelial tube formation/endothelial vessels surrounded by collagen type IV | [18] |
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Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes/transduced mouse skeletal myoblasts releasing VEGF | Porous poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffold | Channels produced by a CO2 computerized laser | Formation of a geometrically ordered mature vascular network in mouse infarcted myocardium | [19] |
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Rat MSCs/HUVECs | Decellularized porcine heart tissue | None | Preservation of macro- and micro-vascular architecture and ultrastructure of native cardiac tissue | [20] |
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Human microvascular endothelial cells | Collagen or poly-D-lysine-hydrobromide | Microfluidic device | Gradients in channeled scaffolds create high-throughput angiogenesis | [21] |
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Rat MSCs | Hyaluronan | Unidirectional cyclic stretch bioreactor | Cell multilayer organization and invasion of the 3D mesh of the scaffold/muscle protein expression | [22] |
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HUVECs | Alginate | Multishear perfusion bioreactor | Expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and the phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) | [23] |
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Mouse endothelial cell line (MS-1) | Polycaprolactone porous scaffold | Shear perfusion bioreactor | Rapid endothelialization method to create preformed artificial vascular networks in scaffolds | [24] |
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Neonatal rat cardiac cells/rat endothelial cells | Cell sheets | Perfusion bioreactor | In vivo transplantation of a thick vascularized beating cardiac tissue | [25] |
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hESCs/hiPSCs/HUVECs/hMSCs | Collagen | Uniaxial stress bioreactor (FlexCell FX-4000T) | Cardiomyocyte and matrix fiber alignment/myofibrillogenesis and sarcomeric banding/increased vessel-like structures | [26] |
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