|
| Urine-derived kidney cell | Markers of disease activity | Disease modeling | Studying cell biology/physiology | Therapeutic effects |
|
| Podocytes | (i) Diabetic nephropathy [13, 17]
(ii) Membranous nephropathy [61]
(iii) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis [11]
(iv) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis
(v) IgA nephritis
(vi) Lupus nephritis [9, 15]
(vii) Preeclampsia [18]
(viii) D + HUS [62]
(ix) Diffuse mesangial sclerosis [63] | (i) Lupus nephritis [16] | (i) Characterization [22]
(ii) Function [64, 65] | Not studied |
|
| PTECs | (i) Acute tubular necrosis [66, 67]
(ii) Diabetes mellitus [67] | (i) Cystinosis [23, 24, 27]
(ii) Diabetes mellitus [67]
(iii) Hyperoxaluria [26]
(iv) Dent disease [29]
(v) Lowe syndrome [68] | (i) Characterization [30]
(ii) Function [28, 30, 69] | (i) Paracrine effects of conditioned medium [70] |
|
| Stem/progenitors | Not studied | Not studied | (i) Characterization
[37, 38, 42, 43, 71, 72] | (i) Differentiation into glomerular cells [38, 73]
(ii) Genitourinary tissue reconstruction [74–76]
(iii) Skeletal muscle regeneration [50, 77, 78]
(iv) Neurologic tissue reconstruction [79] |
|
| Extracellular vesicles | (i) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis [80, 81] | Not studied | (i) Characterization [53, 81–84]
(ii) Function [53] | (i) Kidney transplantation [57] |
|
