|
Urine-derived kidney cell | Markers of disease activity | Disease modeling | Studying cell biology/physiology | Therapeutic effects |
|
Podocytes | (i) Diabetic nephropathy [13, 17] (ii) Membranous nephropathy [61] (iii) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis [11] (iv) Henoch-Schönlein nephritis (v) IgA nephritis (vi) Lupus nephritis [9, 15] (vii) Preeclampsia [18] (viii) D + HUS [62] (ix) Diffuse mesangial sclerosis [63] | (i) Lupus nephritis [16] | (i) Characterization [22] (ii) Function [64, 65] | Not studied |
|
PTECs | (i) Acute tubular necrosis [66, 67] (ii) Diabetes mellitus [67] | (i) Cystinosis [23, 24, 27] (ii) Diabetes mellitus [67] (iii) Hyperoxaluria [26] (iv) Dent disease [29] (v) Lowe syndrome [68] | (i) Characterization [30] (ii) Function [28, 30, 69] | (i) Paracrine effects of conditioned medium [70] |
|
Stem/progenitors | Not studied | Not studied | (i) Characterization [37, 38, 42, 43, 71, 72] | (i) Differentiation into glomerular cells [38, 73] (ii) Genitourinary tissue reconstruction [74–76] (iii) Skeletal muscle regeneration [50, 77, 78] (iv) Neurologic tissue reconstruction [79] |
|
Extracellular vesicles | (i) Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis [80, 81] | Not studied | (i) Characterization [53, 81–84] (ii) Function [53] | (i) Kidney transplantation [57] |
|