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Biological components | Source | Cellular type | In vitro or in vivo | Stimulations | Time | Results | References |
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Collagen sponge | Purified porcine skins | Human meniscal cells | In vitro | TGF-β | 14 days | Attached well and expanded with culture time Permissive for production of meniscus ECM and for growth factor responsiveness | Gruber et al. (2008) [68] |
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Collagen-GAG | Bovine tendon collagen type I and C6S | Human chondrocytes and meniscal cells | In vitro | PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 | 21 days | Increased contraction of collagen-GAG matrix induced by TGF-β1 Decrease in contraction resulting from PDGF-BB treatment | Zaleskas et al. (2001) [69] |
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Hyaluronan (HYAFF-11) | — | Bovine articular chondrocytes | In vitro | Rotary cell culture system | 4 weeks | Outer stained for versican and type I collagen; inner positively stained for GAGs and types I and II collagen Outer stiffer in tension, inner stiffer in compression | Marsano et al. (2006) [70] |
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Collagen II/I, III | Porcine collagen | Ovine meniscal cells | In vitro | None | 28 days | Cells attached well to both biomaterials and produced GAGs and collagen type I | Chiari et al. (2008) [71] |
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Hyaluronan (HYAFF-11) | — | Ovine meniscal cells | In vitro | None | 28 days | Differences between the biomaterials were to cell distribution, morphology, and dynamics of GAGs synthesis | Chiari et al. (2008) [71] |
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C6S coated PLGA surfaces | Shark C6S | Human meniscus fibrochondrocytes | In vitro | Hypoxia | 14 days | Fibrochondrocytes redifferentiation were enhanced by hypoxia independent of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and potentially involve the transcriptional activation of Sox-9 | Tan et al. (2011) [72] |
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Collagen type I (CMI) | Achilles tendon of bovine | Human BMSC | In vitro | Biomechanical stimulation and perfusion | 14 days | Cell proliferation can be enhanced using continuous perfusion Differentiation is fostered by mechanical stimulation | Petri et al. (2012) [73] |
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Collagen type I (CMI) | Achilles tendon of bovine | None | Clinical cases (25 patients) | None | 10 years | Significant pain relief and functional improvement No development or progression of degenerative knee joint disease was observed in most cases | Monllau et al. (2011) [74] |
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Collagen type I (CMI) | Achilles tendon of bovine | None | Clinical cases (33 patients) | None | 10 years | Pain, activity level, and radiological outcomes are significantly improved | Zaffagnini et al. (2011) [75] |
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Multilayered silk scaffolds | Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons | Human fibroblasts (outside) chondrocytes (inside) | In vitro | TGF-β3 | 28 days | Maintenance of chondrocytic phenotype with higher levels of GAGs and collagens Improved scaffold mechanical properties along with ECM alignment | Mandal et al. (2011) [76] |
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Multilayered silk scaffolds | Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons | Human bMSC | In vitro | TGF-β3 | 28 days | Higher levels of collagens and GAGs Enhanced biomechanics similar to native tissue | Mandal et al. (2011) [77] |
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Bacterial cellulose | Gluconacetobacter xylinus | 3T6-swiss albino fibroblasts | In vitro | Compression bioreactor | 28 days | Microchannels facilitated the alignment of cells and collagen fibers Collagen production was enhanced by mechanical stimulation |
Martínez et al. (2012) [78] |
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