Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cutaneous Wound Healing: Current Evidence and Future Potential

Table 2

Experimental parameters and reported mode of action of reviewed articles.

Author	Cell source	Wound model	Cell delivery method	Cell number	Mechanism of action
Altman et al. [15]	Human	Excisional	Seeded matrix	1 × 10^5 seeded twice	Local engraftment with endothelial and fibroblastic phenotype
Altman et al. [16]	Human	Excisional	Silk fibrin chitosan scaffold	1 × 10^5	N/A
Argôlo Neto et al. [17]	Mouse	Excisional	Unclear	N/A	↑ collagen types I & III
Blanton et al. [18]	Pig	Excisional	Fibrin spray matrix	18 × 10^5
Borena et al. [19]	Rabbit	Excisional	SC	1.4 × 10^8	↓ inflammation, ↑ neovascularization, ↑ fibroblast number, ↑ collagen thickness
Chen et al. [20]	Mouse	Excisional	Intradermal and topical	1 × 10^6	MSCs localised to wound bed and appendages on day 14
Chen et al. [21]	Mouse (CM)	Excisional	Intradermal and topical	N/A	Recruitment of macrophages and progenitor cells (CD34, c-kit, Flk-1)
Cho et al. [22]	Human (CM)	Excisional	Intradermal	N/A	Enhanced histology score at d7, d14
Ebrahimian et al. [23]	Not specified	Excisional	IV and IM	1 × 10^6	↑ perfusion, ↑ angiogenesis, ↑ collagen content, ↑ VEGF
Falanga et al. [24]	Mouse	Excisional	Topical fibrin scaffold	1 × 10^6/cm^2	Engraftment of MSCs at d18
Fu et al. [25]	Pig	Burn	Fibrin mesh scaffold +/− cytokines	2 × 10^6	↑ capillary density
Fu et al. [26]	Pig	Excisional	Topical	N/A
Gao et al. [27]	Human (CM)	Ischemic flap	Local	N/A	↑ capillary density, perivascular engraftment, ↑ VEGF, ↑ HIF1-a expression
Gu et al. [28]	Human	Ischemic flap	Intradermal	1 × 10^5	No differences in total blood vessel number
Hamou et al. [29]	Mouse	Ischemic flap	Systemic	N/A	MSCs localize to ischemic area and engraft locally
Heo et al. [30]	Human (CM)	Excisional	Topical (+/− TNF-a)	N/A	↑ capillary density, ↑ VEGF, ↑ bFGF
Hou et al. [31]	Human	Excisional	Collagen	2 × 10^4	↑ capillary density
Huang et al. [32]	Mouse	Excisional	Topical microsphere scaffold	1 × 10^6	↑ vascularity and cellularity in treatment groups
Javazon et al. [33]	Mouse	Excisional	Topical	7.5 × 10^5	↑ epithelialization and enhanced granulation tissue formation
Kataoka et al. [34]	Mouse	Excisional	SC	5 × 10^6	Cell engraftment in epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and dermis, blood vessels
Kim et al. [35]	Rat	Excisional	Collagen scaffold	2 × 10^6	↑ neovascularization
Kim et al. [36]	Human	Excisional	Collagen scaffold	1 × 10^6	Significant difference in skin structure and dermal inflammatory cell infiltrate
Kim et al. [37]	Canine	Excisional	Intradermal +/− low level laser therapy	1 × 10^6	↑ epithelialization rate, ↑ granulation tissue thickness, ↑ capillary number
Kwon et al. [38]	Rat	Incisional	IV or intradermal	N/A	↑ neovascularization, ↑ collagen production, ↑ expression of VEGF, EGF, PDGF-BB, TGF-B
Lee et al. [39]	Mouse	Incisional	Unclear	5 × 10^4	N/A
Lee et al. [40]	Human (CM)	Excisional	Collagen scaffold	N/A	N/A
Lee et al. [41]	Human	Excisional	Collagen gel	N/A	↑ blood vessel density
Li et al. [42]	Human	Excisional	IV	N/A	Local cell engraftment
Lim and Yoo [43]	Mouse	Excisional	Intradermal	0.6 × 10^6	↑ fibroblast numbers
Lin et al. [44]	Human	Excisional	Cell sheet (1 or 3 layers)	1 × 10^6/layer	↑ epithelialization
Liu et al. [45]	Pig	Burn	Topical (scaffold)	2 × 10^6	↑ capillary density, ↑ keratinization
Liu et al. [46]	Mouse	Excisional	Scaffold matrix	1 × 10^5 seeded twice	↑ vessel density
Maharlooei et al. [47]	Rat	Excisional	Intradermal	1 × 10^6	↑ epithelialization, ↑ granulation, ↑ neovascularization
Mansilla et al. [48]	Rabbit	Burn	Fibrin mesh scaffold	2 × 10^6/mL/cm^2	Heavy mononuclear infiltrate
McFarlin et al. [49]	Rat	Incisional	IV or SC	6 × 10^6	↑ collagen production, ↓ inflammation
Nakagawa et al. [50]	Human	Excisional	Collagen scaffold	5 × 10^6	↑ epithelialization
Nambu et al. [51]	Mouse	Excisional	Seeded atelocollagen matrix	5 × 10^5	N/A
Nambu et al. [52]	Rat	Excisional	Seeded atelocollagen matrix	1 × 10^6	↑ capillary density, ↑ inflammatory infiltrate, ↑ cell proliferation
Nie et al. [53]	Rat	Excisional	Intradermal	1 × 10^6	↑ capillary number, ↑ granulation thickness
Rasulov et al. [54]	Rat	Burn	Topical	2 × 10^4	N/A
Rustad et al. [55]	Mouse	Excisional	Collagen hydrogel topical or SC	2.5 × 10^5	↑ MCP-1, VEGF-a/b, FGF1, MMP8, MMP9
Sasaki et al. [56]	Mouse	Excisional	IV	1 × 10^6	↑ MSC migration due to SLC/CCL21
Sheng et al. [57]	Human	Burn	SC or ADM	1 × 10^6	N/A
Shumakov et al. [58]	Rat	Burn	Topical	2 × 10^6	↑ blood vessel density
Stoff et al. [59]	Human	Incisional	Intradermal	N/A	Engraftment through d21 with improved histology score
Tian et al. [60]	Mouse	Excisional	Intradermal and topical	1 × 10^6	↑ epithelialization, ↑ vascularization, ↑ granulation tissue
Volk et al. [61]	Rabbit	Ischemic.	SC	0.5 × 10^6	↑ granulation tissue
Wu et al. [62]	Mouse	Excisional	Intradermal and topical	1 × 10^6	↑ VEGF, epithelialization, cellularity, appendages, and ↑ histology scores
Yang et al. [63]	Rat	Ischemic flap	SC	4 × 10^6	↑ blood vessel density; cell engraftment in dermal and perivascular locations
Yeum et al. [64]	Mouse	Excisional	Scaffold (small intestinal submuocosa)	1 × 10^6	↑ EGF, FGF, VEGF, IL-1-b, IL-4, ↓ TNF-a