Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Possible Culprits in Solid Tumors?

Table 4

Overview on homing mechanisms of MSCs and MSC effect on tumor growth.

Entity	Experimental design	Effects observed	Literature
NSCLC	In vitro coculture study of MSCs and tumor cells	Interaction of MIF with CXCR4/SDF-1 contributes to MSCs homing	[69]
Melanoma	In vivo homing of cytosine deaminase expressing MSCs in subcutaneous melanoma	MSCs abrogate tumor growth by TNF-α production	[69, 70]
Breast cancer	(i) In vitro and in vivo migration of breast cancer cells to the bone marrow being facilitated by BM-MSC; (ii) Coinjection of BM-MSCs and breast cancer cells	Tac1 mediated entry of breast cancer cells to the bone marrow	[38]
Neuroblastoma	In vitro migration of MSCs towards neuroblastoma cell lines	Migration of MSCs depending on uPA expression	[71]
Glioblastoma/brainstem glioma	(i) In vivo homing of MSCs in GL216 glioma model	(i) Presence of MSCs in the GL216 glioma model validated the homing process, change of the phenotype of tumor cells due to MSC influence; CXCR4 and CXCR6 contribute to the homing of MSCs	[72]
	(ii) In vitro migration of MSCs towards GBM cell lines	(ii) In vitro migration was mediated by HGF	[73]
Mesothelioma	In vivo homing of TNF-α overexpressing MSCs in intraperitoneal mesothelioma	In vitro and in vivo induction of apoptosis in mesothelioma cells	[74]
Hepatocellular carcinoma	(i) In vivo homing of MSCs in HCC	(i) MSCs primed with AMF displayed increased migratory capability to HCC and reduced MMP2 expression	[75]
	(ii) Coculture of MSCs and HCC cell lines	(ii) Increased invasiveness of HCC due to CCL5	[76]
Multiple myeloma	Decreased survival of mice after MSCs and multiple myeloma cell infusion	CCL25 production by MM cells as a chemoattractant	[77]
Gastric cancer	Recruitment of BM-MSCs to gastric cancer	CXCR4/SDF-1 axis	[30]
Pancreatic cancer	Transplantation of bone marrow (BM) cells into sublethally irradiated SCID mice and subcutaneous transplantation of a pancreatic cancer cell line; assessment of stromal cell contribution by BM-MSCs	High frequency of BM-derived myofibroblasts in the tumor stroma	[78]