Proangiogenic Features of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Therapeutic Applications

Table 1

Completed MSC-based randomized clinical trials for ischemic heart disease therapy registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/.

Cell	Phase	Condition	Cell delivery route	Basis of trial design	Result	Reference
Autologous BM-MSCs	II/III	AMI	Intracoronary	Repairing the damaged myocardium via paracrine signaling	Autologous BM-MSCs are safe and provide modest improvement in LVEF	[102]
Auto-hMSCs and allo-hMSCs	I/II	CILVD	Transendocardial	Prevention remodeling of the ventricle and reduction of infarct size	Alloimmune reactions of allogeneic MSCs injection are low and improved functions are observed	[103]
Autologous BM-MSCs	I/II	Heart attack	Intramyocardial	Repair and restore heart function by reducing fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, and neomyogenesis	Autologous BM-MSCs could reduce scar, enhance regional function, and improve tissue perfusion	[29]
Allogeneic BM-MSCs	I	MI	Intravenous	Transdifferentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes	Intravenous allogeneic hMSCs are safe in patients after AMI	[104]
Allogeneic BM- MSCs	I/II	MI	Intravenous	Transdifferentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes and production of new blood vessels	Intravenous infusion of allogeneic BM-MSCs is safe and well-tolerated in AMI patients	[105]
WJ-MSCs	II	STEMI	Intracoronary	Transdifferentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes	Intracoronary infusion of WJ-MSCs is safe and effective in patients with AMI	[106]
Autologous MSCs and BMCs	I/II	LVD	Transendocardial	Stimulation of endogenous cardiac stem cells by MSCs	Transendocardial injection with MSCs or BMCs appeared to be safe for patients with ICM and LVD	[107, 108]
AD-MSCs	II	CMI	Not special	Angiogenesis	—	—
Autologous BM-MSC	I/II	CHF	Intramyocardial	Development of new myocardium and blood vessels	Intramyocardial injections of autologous culture expanded MSCs were safe and improved myocardial function	[109, 110]

Notes. BM-MSCs: bone-marrow-derived human MSCs; WJ-MSCs: umbilical Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell; AD-MSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; auto-hMSCs: autologous human mesenchymal stem cells; allo-hMSCs: allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells; BMCs: bone marrow mononuclear cells; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; STEMI: ST elevation myocardial Infarction; ICM: chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy; CMI: chronic myocardial ischemia; IHF: ischemic heart failure; CHF: congestive heart failure; and CILVD: chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.