Glioma Stem Cells and Their Microenvironments: Providers of Challenging Therapeutic Targets

Figure 2

Effects of hypoxia on GSCs and effects of GSCs on the endothelial cells. GSCs produce proangiogenic growth factors VEGF and HDGF that stimulate EC migration and angiogenesis; SDF-1 stimulates recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow and vasculogenesis; GSCs can transdifferentiate under hypoxic condition into ECs.