Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Polytrauma: Actor and Target

Figure 2

MSCs also function as targets of pathophysiological processes after trauma, leading to complement opsonization and macrophage phagocytosis and reduction in differentiation potential or ability to migrate to the site of injury and finally resulting in the impairment of regenerative potential and tissue repair. See text for detailed information. CRegs: complement regulatory proteins; DAMPs: damage-associated molecular patterns; FFP: fresh frozen plasma; MAC: membrane attack complex; NE/E: norepinephrine/epinephrine; β-AR: beta-adrenergic receptor; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns; RBC: red blood cells; TF: tissue factor; TLR9: toll-like receptor 9.