Bladder Smooth Muscle Cells Differentiation from Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Future Potential for Bladder Tissue Engineering

Figure 1

Characterization of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) clone A32. The population doublings of DPSCs clone A32 exceed 80+ over 300 days in culture (a). The characterization of A32 by Rt-PCR and immunocytochemical staining: positive for the markers of CD105, CD73, CD44, and CD90 (b), negative for the marker of CD34 (b), positive immunostaining for vimentin (c) and STRO-1 (d), and negative immunostaining for keratin (e). This clone was able to differentiate into the 3 mesenchymal lineages: adipogenic (oil-red o staining) (f), osteogenic (alizarin red staining) (g), and chondrogenic (safranin o staining) (h) when cultured in appropriate differentiation conditions in vitro compared to control groups ((i)–(k)), respectively.

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