Study Experimental model Nanoparticle Stem cell Labeling approach Main results Animal Type Type Dose Source Type
Number Slotkin et al. 2007 [214 ] Mouse Developing central nervous system QDs 2.5 ng Mouse Neural stem and progenitor cells Direct labeling Fluorescence imaging Novel in utero electroporation and ultrasound-guided in vivo delivery, QDs are compatible with early mammalian embryonic development Rosen et al. 2007 [215 ] Rat Normal QDs 8.2 nM Human MSC 1 5 Fluorescence imaging Long-term tracking technique for at least 8 weeks permits the complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the locations into the heart Chen et al. 2015 [138 ] Mouse Wound healing model QDs 12.5 μ g/mL Human MSC 1 5 Fluorescence imaging Dynamic visualization in vivo of migration to the wound after intravenous injection, treatment of wound with collagen scaffold-SDF-1α enhances the reepithelialization and the neovascularization and accelerates the wound healing Delcroix et al. 2009 [198 ] Rat Lesioned brain SPIO 25 μ g/mL Rat MSC 40–100 3 Magnetic resonance imaging Cell migration toward lesions and description of the long distance migration from the SVZ toward the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream Guzman et al. 2007 [196 ] Rat Huntington’s disease model SPIO (Ferumoxides) 5 μ g/mL Human Central nervous system cell 1 5 Magnetic resonance imaging Long-term survival and differentiation of cells Hu et al. 2012 [230 ] Rat Spinal cord injury SPIO 7 μ g Fe/mL Human MSC 4 5 Magnetic resonance imaging hUC-MSCs can survive and migrate in the host spinal cord after transplantation, which promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury Jing et al. 2008 [200 ] Rabbit Articular cartilage defect model SPIO (ferumoxides) 25 μ g/mL Rabbit MSC 1 8 Magnetic resonance imaging Engineered autologous MSCs do not actively participate in the repair of articular cartilage defects following intra-articular injection Amsalem et al. 2007 [231 ] Rat Myocardial infarction SPIO (ferumoxides) 25 μ g/mL Rat MSC 2 6 Magnetic resonance imaging MSCs attenuated progressive left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction compared with controls without cells Chapon et al. 2009 [232 ] Rat Myocardial infarction SPIO 10 μ g/mL Rat MSC 5 5 Magnetic resonance imaging Ability to track SCs by noninvasive imaging, and the importance of using multimodal platforms to establish the effect of SCs on cardiac function Blocki et al. 2015 [233 ] Rat Myocardial infarction SPIO 10 μ g/mL Rat MSC 1 6 Magnetic resonance imaging Injectable microcapsules for the delivery overcome current limitations of poor cell retention in cardiac cell-based therapy Ramos-Gómez et al. 2015 [206 ] Rat Parkinson’s disease model SPIO (different types) 50 μ g/mL Human Neuronal line 3 5 Magnetic resonance imaging Feasibility for long-term tracking, possible internalization of NPs by host microglial cells Kim et al. 2010 [234 ] Rat Liver cirrhosis model Silica shell on SPIO (ferumoxides) 100 μ g/mL Human MSC 3 6 Magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging Feasibility for tracking in liver cirrhosis model Zhang et al. 2013 [162 ] Mouse Stroke model Mesoporous silica core-shell SPIO 5–33 μ g/mL Mouse Neuronal progenitor line 1 5 Magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging Monitoring of the cell homing to the ischemic area after intravenously injection Berman et al. 2011 [235 ] Mouse Immunodeficient and immunocompetent SPIO (BioPAL) 25 μ g/mL Mouse Neuronal progenitor line 3 5 Magnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging Live cell proliferation and associated label dilution may dominate contrast clearance as compared with cell death and subsequent transfer and retention of superparamagnetic iron oxide within phagocytes and brain interstitium Terrovitis et al. 2008 [236 ] Rat Myocardial transplantation model SPIO (ferumoxides) 25 μ g/mL Rat and human Cardiac-derived stem cell 5 5 5 Magnetic resonance imaging Persistence of significant iron-dependent MRI signal derived from ferumoxide-containing macrophages despite few or no viable stem cells 3 weeks after transplantation Janowski et al. 2014 [237 ] Human Permanent vegetative state SPIO (ferumoxides) 100 μ g/mL Human Cord blood nucleated cell 3.6 7 Magnetic resonance imaging Feasibility of long-term clinical tracking Boehm-Sturm et al. 2011 [244 ] Mouse CD-1 Perfluoropolyether 120 mg/mL Human Neural stem cell 1.5 5 Magnetic resonance imaging 19 F MRI can be utilized for tracking human NSCs in brain implantation studiesJokerst et al. 2012 [211 ] Mouse Normal Silica-coated gold 0.0–0.14 nM Human MSC Unknown Photoacoustic imaging Feasibility of multimodal approach Nam et al. 2012 [210 ] Rat Normal Gold 1012 NPs/mL Human MSC 5 4 Photoacoustic imaging Multimodal approach capable of noninvasive, sensitive, quantitative, and longitudinal assessment of stem cell behaviors with high spatial and temporal resolutions at sufficient depths Ricles et al. 2014 [248 ] Rat Hind limb ischemia model Gold 1012 NPs/mL Rat MSC 1 4 Photoacoustic imaging System capable of monitoring both delivered stem cells and infiltrating macrophages using photoacoustic imaging Nam et al. 2015 [212 ] Rat Cutaneous burn injury model Silica-coated gold 4 7 NPs/ Rat and human Adipose derived 1 6 Photoacoustic imaging Feasibility of long-term tracking, ability of multimodal imaging to assess both burn injury and skin tissue regeneration
