Stem Cells International / 2016 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
Insights into the Biology and Therapeutic Applications of Neural Stem Cells Table 1 Molecular regulators of NSC in adult SGZ and SVZ. Summary of molecular regulators of adult NSC, grouped into ligands, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, epigenetic, cell cycle regulators, and transcription factors.
Molecule/regulator Key finding Ref Ligands Notch Activation promotes quiescence [9 , 10 ] Bmp Activation promotes quiescence [11 –13 ] Wnt Promotes NSC symmetric division [14 ] Tgf- Promotes quiescence and survival [15 ] Neuropeptides Npy Induces proliferation, migration, and differentiation of NSC [16 –19 ] Neurotransmitters GABA Maintains adult NSC quiescence [20 ] Epigenetic Chd7 Maintains adult NSC quiescence [21 ] Dnmt1/3a Increased expression in differentiating NSC; upregulation favours neurogenic fate [22 , 23 ] Gadd45 Required for expression of extrinsic factors from mature granule neurons that modulate neurogenesis [24 ] Hdac2 Required for NSC differentiation and appropriate expression of progenitor markers [25 ] Mbd Loss-of-function reduces neurogenesis [26 ] Tet1 Positively regulates NSC proliferation [27 ] Cell cycle regulators p21 Maintains quiescence and negatively regulates SOX2 expression [28 , 29 ] p27 Maintains quiescence [30 ] p57 Maintains quiescence [31 , 32 ] Transcription factors Foxo3 Maintenance of progenitor cells and quiescence [33 , 34 ] Ascl1 Controls neuron fate commitment; overexpression produces oligodendrocytes [35 –38 ] [39 ] Nfix Maintains NSC quiescence in vitro [39 ] Pax6 Maintenance of NSCs [40 ] Sox2 Maintains NSC self-renewal through Shh signalling [41 , 42 ] Tbr2 Required for generation of Intermediate Progenitors in DG [43 ] Tlx Required for NSC self-renewal through WNT and neuron fate commitment through Mash1 [36 , 44 , 45 ] Rest Maintenance of NSC [46 ]