Neuromuscular Regeneration: Perspective on the Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretion Products

Table 1

Examples of MSCs systems applications in peripheral nerve injury models.

	Cellular system	MSC’s differentiation status	Delivery mode	References
Axonotmesis lesions	rAF-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Fibrin glue + cellulose derivate membrane	[78]
	mAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Matrigel	[38]
	hAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Systemic intravenous delivery	[74]
	hUC-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Local injection/chitosan III membranes	[73]
	hUC-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Poly(DL-lactide-e-caprolactone) (PLC) membranes	[39]
Neurotmesis lesions	hAF-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Fibrin glue + cellulose derivate membrane	[79]
	rAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Fibrin + PHB (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) conduit	[80]
	rAT-MSCs	Neuroglial differentiated	Fibrin conduit	[26]
	hAT-MSCs	Neuroglial differentiated	Chitosan coated silicon tube/silicon tube	[81]
	rAT-MSCs	Neuroglial differentiated	PCL (polycaprolactone) conduit	[82]
	rAT-MSCs	Neuroglial differentiated	Tethered type 1 collagen gel + collagen membrane	[83]
	rAT-MSCs	Neuroglial differentiated	Collagen gel + xenogeneic acellular nerve matrix	[84]
	hAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated & growth factor stimulated	Fibrin conduit	[85]
	hAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Fibrin conduit	[86]
	rAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Fibrin conduit	[86]
	hAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Silastic conduit	[87]
	rAT-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Local intramuscular delivery	[76]
	mBM-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Resorbable collagen conduit	[3]
	rBM-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Laminin-modified chitosan + silicon conduit	[88]
	mBM-MSCs	Undifferentiated	PCL (polycaprolactone) conduit	[77]
	rBM-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Fibrin + PCL (polycaprolactone) conduit	[89]
	rBM-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Systemic intravenous or local intramuscular delivery	[75]
	rBM-MSCs	Neuroglial differentiated	Fibrin conduit	[26]
	rBM-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Matrigel graft	[90]
	rDP-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Type 1 collagen gel + silicone conduit	[91]
	rDP-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Type 1 collagen gel + silicone conduit	[92]
	rDP-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Type 1 collagen gel + poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) conduit	[93]
	hUC-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Injected/gelatin-thrombin matrix	[16]
	hUC-MSCs	Undifferentiated	Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conduits	[94]
	hUC-MSCs	Undifferentiated & neuroglial differentiated	Poly(DL-lactide-epsilon-caprolactone) (PLC) membranes	[17]

h (human), m (mouse), r (rat); AF (amniotic fluid), AT (adipose tissue), BM (bone marrow), DP (dental pulp), and UC (umbilical cord tissue) derived MSCs; neuroglial differentiation includes the application of differentiation/induction protocol towards neuronal or glial phenotypes.