Shikonin Induces Glioma Necroptosis, Stemness Decline, and Impedes (Immuno)Proteasome Activity

Figure 1

Shikonin predominantly promoted glioma cell lines (U251/U87/A172/T98G) cell death. Images of annexin V/PI doubling staining of (a) U251, (b) U87, (c) A172, and (d) T98G cells treated with increasing concentrations of Shikonin (0, 4, 8, and 12 μM) for 24 hr and then subjected to flow cytometry. The ratios of apoptotic cells (Annexin V⁺/PI⁺ and Annexin V⁺/PI⁻) of (e) U251, (f) U87, (g) A172, and (h) T98G were calculated. Data are expressed as mean ± SEMs (n = 5 per group). ()() versus untreated cells.

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