Review Article
Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism: What Is the Risk and How to Prevent It
Table 2
Factors that increase the risk of VKA-related bleeding.
| (A) Treatment-associated factors | | First 3 months of therapy | | Target intensity of anticoagulation > 2.0–3.0 INR | | Actual INR values > 4.5 | | Low quality of anticoagulation monitoring (high % time out of range) | | Use of short half-life VKA drug | | (B) Person-dependent factors | | Advanced age (>75 years) | | Frequent falls | | History of major bleeding (especially in the GI tract) | | History of atherosclerotic stroke | | Uncontrolled hypertension | | Cancer | | Congestive heart failure | | Anemia | | Renal or liver failure | | Alcohol abuse | | Recent surgery | | Associated antiplatelet therapy | | Frequent use of NSAIDs | | Polymorphisms of VKORC1 and CYP2C9 | | Mutation in factor IX propeptide (low factor IX levels) | | Drugs affecting pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of VKAs | | Insufficient information and education to the treatment | | Poor compliance | | Poor dietary intake of vitamin K | | Nutritional supplements and herbal products | | Absence of familial or social support | |
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