Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Its Role in Disease and Novel Prospects for Therapy

Table 3

Representative compounds with potency to trigger and aggravate ER stress.

Compound	Mechanism linking to induction of ER stress	References
Thapsigargin, celecoxib, DMC	(i) Inhibition of SERCA activity; (ii) Ensuing calcium imbalance	[209, 246, 250, 368, 369]
A-23187, ionomycin	(i) Calcium ionophores: stimulation of Ca^2+ flux; (ii) Ensuing calcium imbalance	[208, 370, 371]
Tunicamycin	(i) Glycosylation inhibitor; (ii) Ensuing obstruction of protein folding	[372, 373]
2-Deoxyglucose	(i) Hexokinase/glycolysis inhibitor; (ii) Ensuing obstruction of protein folding	[208, 374, 375]
2-Mercaptoethanol, Dithiothreitol	(i) Reducing agents; (ii) Disruption of disulphide bonds	[376, 377]
Geldanamycin	(i) HSP90 and GRP94 inhibitor; (ii) Ensuing impairment of protein folding	[378, 379]
Brefeldin A	(i) ADP-ribosylation factor inhibitor; (ii) Impairment of protein trafficking	[380, 381]
Bortezomib, Nelfinavir	(i) Protease and proteasome inhibitors; (ii) Ensuing accumulation of terminally misfolded proteins	[217, 219, 230, 233, 382–384]