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| Categories (adapted from the World Bank) [98] | Examples of uses |
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| (1) Early warning: serves as an early warning system to identify new emerging health problems | (i) Recognize cases or clusters of cases to trigger interventions to prevent transmission or reduce morbidity and mortality [98].
(ii) Serve as an early warning system to identify public health emergencies [79].
(iii) Detect epidemics [36, 99]. |
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| (2) Impact assessment: assesses public health impacts and trends of new emerging health problems | (i) Assess the public health impact of health events or determine and measure trends [98].
(ii) Estimate magnitude of a health problem [36, 99].
(iii) Document the distribution and spread of a health event [36, 99].
(iv) Portray the natural history of a disease [36, 99].
(v) Understand the economic and health impacts of a public health issue, and the nature and extent to which it disrupts communities [77]. |
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| (3) Intervention development and implementation: develops public health interventions and strategies and allocates public health resources | (i) Demonstrate the need for public health intervention programs and resources, and allocate resources during public health planning [98].
(ii) Lead to immediate public health action [75].
(iii) Set priorities and guide public health policy and strategies [79].
(iv) Rapidly communicate information among public health officials and health care workers so they can take appropriate actions to resolve problems [77].
(v) Appropriate and allocate prevention and care resources [36].
(vi) Make informed decisions related to resource allocation [77]. |
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| (4) Intervention evaluation: evaluates public health interventions and strategies | (i) Monitor effectiveness of prevention and control measures and intervention strategies [98].
(ii) Evaluate control and prevention measures [36, 99].
(iii) Evaluate programs, policies, and control measures [77].
(iv) Monitor isolation activities [36, 99].
(v) Detect changes in health practice [36].
(vi) Document impact of an intervention or progress towards specified public health targets/goals [79]. |
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| (5) Risk assessment: identifies risk factors and high risk populations | (i) Identify high-risk population groups or geographic areas to target interventions and guide analytic studies [98].
(ii) Monitor changes in infectious agents [36, 99].
(iii) Understand the factors that cause health events, both at the individual and community level [77].
(iv) Monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems [80].
(v) Reduce the risk of the occurrence of public health crises [77]. |
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| (6) Research: supports public health research | (i) Develop hypotheses that lead to analytic studies about risk factors for disease causation, propagation, or progression [98].
(ii) Formulating research hypotheses [75].
(iii) Generate and test hypotheses [36, 99].
(iv) Identify priorities and hypotheses for research [77].
(v) Facilitate epidemiologic and laboratory research [36]. |
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