Timing of cytokine release, glial activation, and T-cell infiltration in the inflammatory response in Parkinsonism. Within 24 h, cytokine release and microglial activation can be clearly observed. According to the protocol of dopaminergic cell death induction, cytokine release and microglial activation can be resolved around 72 h. Maximum peak of T-cell infiltration can be achieved at 48 h after dopaminergic insult. Astroglial activation can be seen at 24 h but reaches the maximum peak at 72 h. Depending on the protocol of dopaminergic cell death induction used, the inflammatory response may be resolved within 72 h.
