Psychrophilic Enzymes: From Folding to Function and Biotechnology

Table 1

Representative psychrophilic enzymes of known crystal structure.

Cold-adapted protein	Source	PDB entry	References
Alpha-amylase	Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis	1AQH	[116, 117]
Xylanase	Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis	1H12	[118]
Cellulase	Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis	1TVN	[119]
Superoxide dismutase	Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis	3LJF	[120]
S-Formylglutathione hydrolase	Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis	3LS2	[121]
Ca^2+ Zn^2+ protease	Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas sp.	1G9K	[122]
Beta-lactamase	Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens	2QZ6	[123]
Citrate synthase	Antarctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp.	1A59	[124]
Beta-galactosidase	Antarctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp.	1YQ2	[125]
Subtilisine	Antarctic bacterium Bacillus sp.	2GKO	[126]
Aliphatic amidase	Antarctic bacterium Nesterenkonia sp.	3HKX	[127]
Alkaline phosphatase	Antarctic bacterium	2IUC	[128]
Aminopeptidase	Arctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea	3CIA	[129]
Phenylalanine hydroxylase	Arctic bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea	2V27	[130]
Malate dehydrogenase	Arctic bacterium Aquaspirillum arcticum	1B8P	[131]
Serine proteinase	Arctic bacterium Vibrio sp.	1SH7	[132]
Isocitrate dehydrogenase	Arctic bacterium Desulfotalea psychrophila	2UXQ	[133]
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase	Deep-sea bacterium Moritella profunda	2BE7	[134]
Adenylate kinase	Bacteria Bacillus globisporus and Marinibacillus marinus	1S3G, 3FB4	[135, 136]
Triose-phosphate isomerase	Marine bacterium Vibrio marinus	1AW1	[137]
Ca^2+ Zn^2+ protease	Marine bacterium Flavobacterium sp.	1U1R	[138]
Tyrosine phosphatase	Bacterium Shewanella sp.	1V73	[139]
Catalase	Bacterium Vibrio salmonicida	2ISA	[140]
Endonuclease I	Bacterium Vibrio salmonicida	2PU3	[141]
Lipase	Bacterium Photobacterium lipolytica	2ORY	[142]
Superoxide dismutase	Bacterium Aliivibrio salmonicida	2W7W	[143]
Alkaline phosphatase	Bacteria Vibrio sp. and Shewanella sp.	3E2D, 3A52	[144, 145]
Alkaline phosphatase	Arctic shrimp Pandalus borealis	1K7H	[146]
Lactate dehydrogenase	Antarctic icefish Champsocephalus gunnari	2V65	[147]
Trypsin	Atlantic salmon Salmo salar	2TBS	[148]
Elastase	Atlantic salmon Salmo salar	1ELT	[149]
Pepsin	Atlantic cod Gadus morhua	1AM5	[150]
Uracil-DNA glycosylase	Atlantic cod Gadus morhua	1OKB	[151]