Maternal Dietary Patterns during Third Trimester in Association with Birthweight Characteristics and Early Infant Growth

Table 2

Baseline characteristics of maternal covariates by tertiles of AHEI-P.

	T1	T2	T3	𝑃-value	Overall
Maternal demographics
Age, years	28.4±5.3	28.7±5.1	30.1±5.5	<0.001	29.1±5.4
Race, 𝑛 (%)
White	264 (89.5)	261 (87.9)	251 (84.8)	0.22	777 (87.4)
Education, 𝑛 (%)
High school or less	68 (23.9)	42 (14.7)	43 (15.3)	<0.001	154 (18.0)
Some College	126 (44.2)	108 (37.8)	102 (36.2)		336 (39.3)
Associate or BA	73 (25.6)	97 (33.9)	101 (35.8)		271 (31.7)
Master or more	18 (6.3)	39 (13.6)	36 (12.8)		93 (10.9)
Poverty index ratio, 𝑛 (%)
<185%	138 (46.5)	105 (35.2)	92 (31.0)	<0.0001	335 (37.5)
185 to 350%	114 (38.4)	118 (39.6)	113 (38.1)		346 (38.8)
≥350%	45 (15.2)	75 (25.2)	92 (31.0)		212 (23.7)
Maternal health
Smoked, 𝑛 (%)	31 (10.5)	25 (8.5)	17 (5.8)	0.11	74 (8.3)
Alcohol, g	0.1±0.3	0.1±0.2	0.2±1.5	0.16	0.1±0.9
Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m^2	27.5±7.3	25.5±5.8	25.3±5.7	<0.0001	26.1±6.4
Gestational weight gain, kg	13.4±6.4	14±6.1	14.4±5.8	0.12	14.0±6.1
Total food energy, kcal	1733±660	2036±729	2546±969	<0.0001	2104±864
Infant Health
Gestational age, weeks	39.3±1.2	39.3±1.3	39.3±1.2	0.62	39.3±1.2
Birthweight
Birthweight, g	3444±446	3405±462	3478±454	0.14	3443±454
BW ≤10th percentile, 𝑛 (%)	24 (8.1)	23 (7.7)	24 (8.1)	0.98	71 (7.95)
BW ≥90th percentile, 𝑛 (%)	32 (10.8)	22 (7.4)	28 (9.4)	0.35	82 (9.18)
Diet scores
AHEI-P, range (𝑛)	33–52 (297)	53–62 (298)	63–98 (297)		59.1±11.8
aMED^a, range (𝑛)	0–3 (369)	4-5 (333)	6–8 (191)		4.0±1.8
Carbohydrate quality
GI^b, range (𝑛)	35–48 (297)	49–51 (298)	52–63 (298)		50.0±3.6
GL^c, range (𝑛)	38–107 (297)	108–152 (298)	153–520 (298)		141.5±66.0

aAlternate Mediterranean diet, out of 8 pts; ^bglycemic index; ^cglycemic load.