Three-Dimensional Kinetic Adaptations of Gait throughout Pregnancy and Postpartum
Table 2
Mean and standard deviation of the joint moment peaks, and significance levels of the pairs of collections with significant changes for sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.
Joint
Plane
Side
Peak
First trimester
Second trimester
Third trimester
Postpartum
Mean
Std. deviation
Mean
Std. deviation
Mean
Std. deviation
Mean
Std. deviation
Ankle
Sagittal
Right
1st
0.125
0.031
0.130
0.068
0.119
0.048
0.156
0.060
2nd
−1.364
0.086
−1.336
0.096
−1.282
0.061
−1.337
0.114
(b) 0.019
Left
1st
0.150
0.056
0.127
0.052
0.103
0.038
0.162
0.057
2nd
−1.301
0.128
−1.340
0.084
−1.294
0.107
−1.368
0.128
(f) 0.015
Frontal
Right
1st
0.349
0.170
0.459
0.153
0.376
0.162
0.364
0.191
Left
1st
0.311
0.176
0.309
0.177
0.382
0.195
0.377
0.231
Transverse
Right
1st
0.041
0.039
0.033
0.029
0.013
0.019
0.022
0.026
2nd
−0.132
0.054
−0.155
0.107
−0.136
0.038
−0.151
0.052
Left
1st
0.034
0.030
0.034
0.024
0.049
0.028
0.029
0.029
2nd
−0.161
0.093
−0.125
0.044
−0.097
0.056
−0.129
0.055
Knee
Sagittal
Right
1st
0.341
0.314
0.364
0.368
0.366
0.254
0.502
0.371
2nd
−0.382
0.198
−0.339
0.169
−0.267
0.198
−0.294
0.186
3rd
0.171
0.091
0.209
0.138
0.173
0.111
0.249
0.166
Left
1st
0.355
0.425
0.347
0.365
0.428
0.310
0.476
0.487
2nd
−0.330
0.115
−0.364
0.130
−0.288
0.168
−0.361
0.109
3rd
0.219
0.087
0.169
0.121
0.186
0.099
0.185
0.101
Hip
Sagittal
Right
1st
−0.612
0.172
−0.527
0.147
−0.484
0.167
−0.618
0.202
(b) 0.013 (f) 0.022
2nd
0.769
0.200
0.691
0.145
0.614
0.129
0.899
0.233
(b) 0.031 (e) 0.009 (f) 0.001
Left
1st
−0.511
0.160
−0.550
0.173
−0.445
0.127
−0.598
0.155
(d) 0.034 (f) 0.001
2nd
0.789
0.141
0.687
0.209
0.653
0.074
0.798
0.254
Frontal
Right
1st
−0.870
0.197
−0.943
0.291
−0.856
0.097
−0.828
0.143
2nd
−0.735
0.146
−0.755
0.217
−0.759
0.133
−0.688
0.160
Left
1st
−0.803
0.113
−0.877
0.172
−0.854
0.097
−0.836
0.169
2nd
−0.735
0.145
−0.802
0.178
−0.715
0.148
−0.721
0.140
Transverse
Right
1st
−0.237
0.057
−0.441
0.363
−0.342
0.071
−0.257
0.083
(a) 0.006 (b) 0.008 (e) 0.013
Left
1st
−0.255
0.051
−0.317
0.079
−0.301
0.110
−0.260
0.086
(a) Significant differences between 1st and 2nd trimesters; (b) significant differences between 1st and 3rd trimesters; (c) significant differences between 2nd and 3rd trimesters; (d) significant differences between 1st trimester and PP; (e) significant differences between 2nd trimester and PP; (f) significant differences between 3rd trimester and PP; ns: nonsignificant. Units are in N⋅m⋅Kg−1.