Three-Dimensional Kinetic Adaptations of Gait throughout Pregnancy and Postpartum

Table 2

Mean and standard deviation of the joint moment peaks, and significance levels of the pairs of collections with significant changes for sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

Joint	Plane	Side	Peak	First trimester		Second trimester		Third trimester		Postpartum
				Mean	Std. deviation	Mean	Std. deviation	Mean	Std. deviation	Mean	Std. deviation
Ankle	Sagittal	Right	1st	0.125	0.031	0.130	0.068	0.119	0.048	0.156	0.060
			2nd	−1.364	0.086	−1.336	0.096	−1.282	0.061	−1.337	0.114	(b) 0.019
		Left	1st	0.150	0.056	0.127	0.052	0.103	0.038	0.162	0.057
			2nd	−1.301	0.128	−1.340	0.084	−1.294	0.107	−1.368	0.128	(f) 0.015
	Frontal	Right	1st	0.349	0.170	0.459	0.153	0.376	0.162	0.364	0.191
		Left	1st	0.311	0.176	0.309	0.177	0.382	0.195	0.377	0.231
	Transverse	Right	1st	0.041	0.039	0.033	0.029	0.013	0.019	0.022	0.026
			2nd	−0.132	0.054	−0.155	0.107	−0.136	0.038	−0.151	0.052
		Left	1st	0.034	0.030	0.034	0.024	0.049	0.028	0.029	0.029
			2nd	−0.161	0.093	−0.125	0.044	−0.097	0.056	−0.129	0.055
Knee	Sagittal	Right	1st	0.341	0.314	0.364	0.368	0.366	0.254	0.502	0.371
			2nd	−0.382	0.198	−0.339	0.169	−0.267	0.198	−0.294	0.186
			3rd	0.171	0.091	0.209	0.138	0.173	0.111	0.249	0.166
		Left	1st	0.355	0.425	0.347	0.365	0.428	0.310	0.476	0.487
			2nd	−0.330	0.115	−0.364	0.130	−0.288	0.168	−0.361	0.109
			3rd	0.219	0.087	0.169	0.121	0.186	0.099	0.185	0.101
Hip	Sagittal	Right	1st	−0.612	0.172	−0.527	0.147	−0.484	0.167	−0.618	0.202	(b) 0.013; (f) 0.022
			2nd	0.769	0.200	0.691	0.145	0.614	0.129	0.899	0.233	(b) 0.031; (e) 0.009; (f) 0.001
		Left	1st	−0.511	0.160	−0.550	0.173	−0.445	0.127	−0.598	0.155	(d) 0.034; (f) 0.001
			2nd	0.789	0.141	0.687	0.209	0.653	0.074	0.798	0.254
	Frontal	Right	1st	−0.870	0.197	−0.943	0.291	−0.856	0.097	−0.828	0.143
			2nd	−0.735	0.146	−0.755	0.217	−0.759	0.133	−0.688	0.160
		Left	1st	−0.803	0.113	−0.877	0.172	−0.854	0.097	−0.836	0.169
			2nd	−0.735	0.145	−0.802	0.178	−0.715	0.148	−0.721	0.140
	Transverse	Right	1st	−0.237	0.057	−0.441	0.363	−0.342	0.071	−0.257	0.083	(a) 0.006; (b) 0.008; (e) 0.013
		Left	1st	−0.255	0.051	−0.317	0.079	−0.301	0.110	−0.260	0.086

(a) Significant differences between 1st and 2nd trimesters; (b) significant differences between 1st and 3rd trimesters; (c) significant differences between 2nd and 3rd trimesters; (d) significant differences between 1st trimester and PP; (e) significant differences between 2nd trimester and PP; (f) significant differences between 3rd trimester and PP; ns: nonsignificant. Units are in N⋅m⋅Kg⁻¹.